Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients in studies included in the meta-analysis comparing COVID-19 patients with and without venous thromboembolism.
| Study name | Study type | Study location | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Patients included in analysis (N) | Male (%) | Median/mean age | Therapeutic/prophylactic anticoagulation | Pulmonary embolism (%) | Total VTE events/DVT | Arterial thrombotic events | Median/mean D-dimer (ng/ml) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bompard et al. | Multicenter retrospective | France | Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia being referred for CT pulmonary angiography | None | 135 | 70 | 64 | All hospitalized patients | 24% | NA | NA | 984 PE+ versus 1285 PE− |
| Al-Samkari et al. | Multicenter retrospective | USA | Patients >18 years with COVID-19 by RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab and D-dimer test performed on initial presentation | None | 400 | 69 | 65 | 97% | 2.50% | 4.80% | 2.80% | 1538 (initial) |
| Fiore et al. | Single-center retrospective | Italy | Confirmed COVID-19 with elevated D-dimer and at least one of the following inclusion criteria (risk factors for PE, clinical sings of PE, severe pneumonia) | None | 20 | 40 | 58 | 85% | 40.00% | NA | NA | 1692 PE+ versus 741 PE− |
| Hippensteel et al. | Single-center retrospective | USA | Critically ill patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection > 18 year. | none | 91 | 58 | 55 | NA | 5.50% | 26.10% | NA | 1071 |
| Artifoni et al. | Single-center retrospective | French | Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in non-ICU setting receiving adequate thromboprophylaxis | Prior anticoagulation and contraindication to thromboprophylaxis | 71 | 61 | 64 | 99% | 9.80% | 22.50% | NA | 1630 VTE+ versus 670 VTE− |
| Chen et al. | Single-center retrospective | China | Critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring ICU admission | No surveillance result on DVT or pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis before ICU admission | 88 | 61 | 63 | All inpatients | NA | 46% (DVT) | NA | 6410 DVT+ versus 3100 DVT− |
| Cui et al. | Single-center retrospective | China | Patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia in ICU | None | 81 | 46 | 60 | No patients receive anticoagulation | NA | 25% (DVT) | NA | 5200 VTE+ versus 800 VTE− |
| Demelo-Rodriguez et al. | Single-center retrospective | Spain | COVID-19 patients admitted in non-intensive care unit if they are >18 years, D-dimer >1000 ng/ml, and hospitalized for at least 48 h | Patients receiving therapeutic doses of
anticoagulation History of DVT of lower extremity or signs and symptoms of DVT before inclusion |
156 | 65 | 68 | 98% prophylaxis anticoagulation | NA | 14.7% (DVT) | NA | 4527 DVT+ versus 2050 DVT− |
| Desborough | Single-center retrospective | UK | All patients with COVID-19 admitted in critical care | Discharged from critical care before developing symptoms of COVID-19 | 66 | 73 | 59 | 17% therapeutic AC, rest prophylactic AC | 8% | 15% | NA | 6910 VTE+ versus 2100 VTE− |
| Faggiano et al. | Single-center retrospective | Italy | Admitted patients with COVID-19 pneumonia | None | 25 | 100 | 70 | 43% of PE group, 11% no PE group | 28% | 8% (DVT) | NA | 4368 PE+ versus 1455 PE− |
| Fang et al. | Single-center retrospective | UK | COVID-19 patients undergoing CT pulmonary angiography | None | 100 | 68 | 62 | NA | 44% | NA | NA | 7465 PE+ versus 2450 PE− |
| Fauvel et al. | Multicenter retrospective | France | All adult patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV2 infection | Patients who had no CT pulmonary angiogram, direct admission to ICU, and those who are still in hospital and not experienced PE on study completion | 1240 | 58 | 64 | 71% | 8.30% | 1.5% (DVT) | NA | 3519 PE+ versus 1371 PE− |
| Gervaise et al. | Single-center retrospective | France | Non-hospitalized patients referred by the ED for CT pulmonary angiogram for COVID-19 pneumonia | None | 72 | 75 | 62 | NA | 18% | NA | NA | 7290 PE+ versus 3290 PE− |
| Grillet et al. | Single-center retrospective | France | Patients >18 years with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 who had chest CT | Patients with non-contrast chest CT | 100 | 70 | 66 | NA | 23% | NA | NA | NA |
| Koleilat et al. | Single-center retrospective | USA | All adult patients COVID-19 infection who underwent duplex scanning | None | 135 | 61 | 59 | 81.2% in negative DVT group, 100% in + group | 3.7% (confirmed), 5.2% high suspicion | 13.3% (DVT) | NA | 1361 DVT+ group, 3580 DVT− group |
| Larsen et al. | Single-center retrospective | France | Returning travelers with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia with confirmed COVID-19 infection | None | 35 | 77 | 66 | NA | NA | 20% | NA | 3010 PE group, 990 no PE group |
| Lorant-Leonard et al. | Single-center retrospective | France | Patients with COVID-19 who underwent CT pulmonary angiogram | None | 106 | 78 | 64 | 84% in PE group, 30% in no PE group | 30% | NA | NA | NA |
| Manjunath et al. | Single-center retrospective | USA | Critically ill COVID-19 patients receiving ICU level of care | None | 23 | 71 | 61.7 | 100% | 30% | NA | NA | 8790 PE+, 2600 PE− |
| Gomez et al. | Single-center retrospective | Spain | COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital and having CT pulmonary angiography | None | 452 | 72 | 65 | 79% PE group | 6.4% of all patients, 32% of CT scan | 0.4% (DVT) | NA | 14,480 PE+ versus 7230 PE− |
| Kaminetzky et al. | Single-center retrospective | USA | COVID-19 patients who underwent CT pulmonary angiography | Technically inadequate CT | 62 | 64 | 55 | 48% | 37% (52% in patients receiving prophylactic AC) | 38.70% | 1.60% | 6432 PE+ versus 1774 PE− |
| Middledrop et al. | Single-center retrospective | Netherland | Confirmed COVID-19 patients or suspected COVID-19 patients based on symptoms and CT finding | COVID-19 patients admitted for other medical reason | 198 | 66 | 61 | 100% | 6.60% | 20% total, 13% DVT | NA | 2600 VTE+ versus 1000 VTE− |
| Nahum et al. | Single-center retrospective | Paris | Severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients admitted to ICU | None | 34 | 78 | 62 | 100% | NA | 65% at admission, 79% after 48 h | NA | 5400 DVT+ versus 3300 DVT− |
| Poyiadji et al. | Multicenter retrospective | USA | COVID-19 patients who had CT pulmonary angiogram | CT studies limited by motion artifact and poor contrast opacification | 337 | 49 | 59 | 36% | 22% overall, 23% in patients on prophylactic AC | NA | NA | 9330 PE+ versus 2540 PE− |
| Ren et al. | Cross sectional | China | Confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted in ICU | Prior DVT or recent surgery | 48 | 54 | 70 | 98% | NA | 85% (DVT) | NA | 3480 |
| Santoliquido et al. | Single-center retrospective | Italy | Non-ICU patients admitted with COVID-19 infection | Age <18 years, ICU admission, receiving full dose AC for atrial fibrillation or prior DVT | 84 | 73 | 67 | 100% | NA | 11.9% (DVT) | NA | 6009 DVT+ versus 3840 DVT− |
| Stoneham et al. | Multicenter retrospective | UK | Confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients based on RT-PCR/CT scan admitted to the hospital | None | 274 | 67 | 67 | NA | 5.80% | 7.70% | NA | 4100 DVT+ versus 1200 DVT− |
| Whyte et al. | Single-center retrospective | UK | Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients who had CT pulmonary angiogram | None | 1477 | 52 | 63 | 100% | 5.4% overall, 37% CTPE positivity | NA | NA | 8000 PE+ versus 2060 PE− |
| Zhang et al. | Single-center retrospective | China | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | 143 | 52 | 63 | 37.1% lower extremity US patients | NA | 8.8% (DVT), 46.1% of US positive | NA | NA |
AC, anticoagulation; CT, computed tomography; CTPE, computed tomography pulmonary embolus; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; PE, pulmonary embolism; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; US, ultrasound; VTE, venous thromboembolism.16–41