Fig. 1.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for an interquartile range increase in PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂ air pollution at UK Biobank residential addresses, with confirmed COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths for UK Biobank participants (n = 424,721). Models were sequentially adjusted for 1) age and sex (green); 2) age, sex, and other individual-level covariates – ethnicity, average household income level, smoking status, body mass index, care home residency, and number of COVID-19 tests taken (minimally adjusted; orange); and 3) age, sex, other individual-level covariates listed in (2), Townsend deprivation (2001), and Office for National Statistics urbanicity categories (fully adjusted Main model; purple). Numeric results can be found in Supplementary material, Table E1. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)