Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for an interquartile range increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2 air pollution at UK Biobank residential addresses, with confirmed COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths for UK Biobank participants. Main model is adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, average household income level, smoking status, body mass index, care home residency, number of COVID-19 tests, Townsend deprivation (2001), and Office for National Statistics urbanicity categories. The Main model was additionally adjusted for chronic disease diagnosis prior to March 2020. Fully adjusted subset analyses for individuals hospitalised with a chronic disease diagnosis prior to March 2020, who received at least one laboratory confirmed COVID-19 test, and who tested positive with a laboratory confirmed COVID-19 test are shown.
| Outcome | Pollutant | IQR (μg/m3) | Main model |
Main model, additionally adjusted for chronic disease |
Main model for individuals previously hospitalised with a chronic disease |
Main model for individuals who received at least 1 lab-confirmed COVID-19 test |
Main model for individuals with a lab-confirmed positive COVID-19 result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| COVID-19 Case | PM2.5 | 1.27 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09) | . |
| PM10 | 1.75 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | . | |
| NO2 | 9.93 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) | . | |
| COVID-19 Hospitalisation | PM2.5 | 1.27 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.05) |
| PM10 | 1.75 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | |
| NO2 | 9.93 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | |
| COVID-19 Death | PM2.5 | 1.27 | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.19) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) |
| PM10 | 1.75 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | |
| NO2 | 9.93 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) |