Table 4.

Cause and Effect Groups for pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19

Pre-COVID-19		During COVID-19
Cause group	Purchasing Process Planning (C3)	Cause group	Top Management Support (C6)
	Demand Planning and Production Management (C4)		Purchasing Process Planning (C3)
	SC Traceability (C5)		SC Traceability (C5)
Effect group	Top Management Support (C6)	Effect group	Demand Planning and Production Management (C4)
	Inventory Management (C1)		Inventory Management (C1)
	Optimization in Logistics Operations (C2)		Optimization in Logistics Operations (C2)