Fig. 3.

Schematic model of strategies for IL-1 family members’ intervention during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Following virus entry, detection of the viral PAMPs by TLRs leads to activated NLRP3 inflammasome in the type II pneumocyte cells of the respiratory tract and induction of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 expression via NF-κB transcription factor signaling pathway. On the other side, the aggregated immune response against SARS-COV-2 by macrophages and neutrophils results in the production of IL-1 family cytokines