Table 1.

Examples of traditional and modern approaches to pathogen surveillance

Approach	Surveillance technique
Traditional	Human patients who present at healthcare services
	Hospitalized patients
	Laboratory diagnoses
	Pathogen genome sequencing
	Mortality estimation
	On-the-ground investigations, including active case finding and contact tracing
Modern	Detection of signals of public health events from unstructured textual online information, including social media channels
	Data from sectors not routinely included in public health surveillance, such as animal health, occupational health and police reports
	Community reporting of cases, deaths or events among humans or animals
	Geospatial, remote-sensing and mobile-phone mobility data
	Crowdsourcing open-source case-based data
	Wearables and the Internet of Things