Table 3.

Multilevel models with momentary optimism as outcome

Variables	Personal Consequences			Societal Consequences
	Est	95% CI	p	Est	95% CI	p
Fixed Effects
Intercept, ${\gamma }_{00}$	5.15	[4.92, 5.37]	< 0.001	5.16	[4.94, 5.38]	< 0.001
Within-person effects
Perceived controlWP, ${\gamma }_{10}$	0.44	[0.38, 0.49]	< 0.001	0.44	[0.38, 0.49]	< 0.001
Weekend, ${\gamma }_{20}$	-0.04	[-0.19, 0.12]	0.649	-0.04	[-0.19, 0.12]	0.648
Day of ESM, ${\gamma }_{30}$	0.02	[-0.02, 0.06]	0.264	0.02	[-0.02, 0.06]	0.267
Between-person effects
Perceived controlBP, ${\gamma }_{01}$	0.47	[0.39, 0.56]	< 0.001	0.46	[0.38, 0.55]	< 0.001
Pandemic consequences, ${\gamma }_{02}$	-0.10	[-0.28, 0.08]	0.281	-0.15	[-0.29, -0.01]	0.032
Age, ${\gamma }_{03}$	0.12	[-0.03, 0.27]	0.121	0.13	[-0.02, 0.28]	0.087
Gender, ${\gamma }_{04}$	0.51	[-0.02, 1.03]	0.058	0.51	[-0.01, 1.03]	0.053
Contact with COVID-19, ${\gamma }_{05}$	0.11	[-0.33, 0.54]	0.631	0.08	[-0.35, 0.51]	0.713
Cross-level interactions
Perceived control $\times$ Pandemic consequences, ${\gamma }_{11}$	0.06	[0.01, 0.12]	0.017	0.01	[-0.03, 0.06]	0.495
Random Effects
Variance Intercept, ${\sigma }_{u_0}^2$	1.47			1.44
Variance Perceived Control ${\sigma }_{u_1}^2$	0.06			0.06
Residual Variance, ${\sigma }_e^2$	3.33			3.34
ICC	0.33			0.33
AIC	12,591.228			12,592.986
$R_{\mathrm{WP}}^2/R_{\mathrm{BP}}^2$	0.296 / 0.378			0.300/0.389

N = 242 individuals providing 2,985 observations. WP = between-person level; BP = between-person level. Gender was coded 0 for females and 1 for males, therefore the intercept refers to the female gender. ICC represents the intraclass correlation, calculated with a null model.