Table 2.
Characteristics of study sample according to energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) scores
| Variable | Total | Negative E-DII group | Positive E-DII group | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 478 | n = 375 | n = 103 | ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Demographic and health characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 30 (25; 35) | 31 (25; 36) | 27 (24; 32) | < 0.001 |
| < 25 | 22 | 19 | 32 | 0.001 |
| 25–29 | 28 | 27 | 30 | |
| 30–34 | 25 | 25 | 26 | |
| 35–39 | 19 | 22 | 7 | |
| ≥ 40 | 6 | 7 | 5 | |
| Parity | ||||
| Para 0 | 25 | 24 | 28 | 0.41 |
| Para 1 | 44 | 43 | 46 | |
| Para ≥ 2 | 31 | 33 | 26 | |
| HIV status | ||||
| HIV-negative | 65 | 65 | 67 | 0.64 |
| HIV-positive | 35 | 35 | 33 | |
| Baseline haemoglobin, g/dL | 12.4 (11.2; 13.4) | 12.5 (11.3; 13.4) | 12.3 (10.9; 13.3) | 0.30 |
| Anaemic at baseline | ||||
| No | 78 | 79 | 73 | 0.22 |
| Yes | 22 | 21 | 27 | |
| High-sensitivity c-reactive protein at visit 1, mg/l [n = 263] | 3.73 (2.36; 5.52) | 3.77 (2.38; 5.63) | 3.57 (2.35; 5.26) | 0.56 |
| High-sensitivity c-reactive protein at visit 4, mg/l [n = 270] | 4.00 (2.76; 5.96) | 4.05 (2.76; 5.98) | 3.88 (2.84; 5.81) | 0.81 |
| Smokes/chews tobacco | ||||
| No | 86 | 87 | 83 | 0.20 |
| Yes | 14 | 13 | 17 | |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||
| Primary | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.52 |
| Secondary | 73 | 72 | 78 | |
| Tertiary | 25 | 26 | 20 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 62 | 58 | 76 | 0.001 |
| Married/cohabiting | 38 | 42 | 24 | |
| Household socioeconomic status, asset index score | ||||
| Low (< 5) | 12 | 12 | 14 | 0.55 |
| Medium (5–7) | 82 | 82 | 82 | |
| High (> 7) | 6 | 6 | 4 | |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Height, cm | 158.4 (154.7; 162.7) | 158.3 (154.8; 162.4) | 159.2 (154.6; 163.8) | 0.22 |
| Weight at recruitment, kg (< 14 weeks) | 68.8 (59.8; 78.3) | 68.1 (60.1; 77.3) | 70.8 (58.2; 80.8) | 0.41 |
| Body mass index at recruitment, kg/m2 (< 14 weeks) | 27.4 (23.9; 30.9) | 27.3 (23.8; 30.7) | 27.6 (23.9; 31.1) | 0.68 |
| Normal weight | 34 | 34 | 33 | 0.63 |
| Overweight | 36 | 37 | 33 | |
| Obese | 30 | 29 | 34 | |
| Gestational weight gain, kg/week | 0.35 (0.23; 0.46) | 0.35 (0.23; 0.45) | 0.37 (0.22; 0.49) | 0.85 |
| Inadequate | 30 | 30 | 30 | 0.04 |
| Adequate | 24 | 27 | 16 | |
| Excessive | 46 | 43 | 54 | |
| Delivery outcomes | ||||
| Neonate sex | ||||
| Male | 52 | 52 | 52 | 0.90 |
| Female | 48 | 48 | 48 | |
| Gestational age at delivery, w | 39 (37; 40) | 39 (37; 39) | 39 (38; 40) | 0.09 |
| Preterm delivery | 18 | 19 | 15 | 0.34 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | 41 | 39 | 47 | 0.18 |
| Caesarean section | 59 | 61 | 53 | |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Birth weight, g | 3030 (2650; 3300) | 3015 (2620; 3300) | 3065 (2800; 3350) | 0.18 |
| Birth weight categorya | ||||
| Small for gestational age | 16 | 17 | 16 | 0.88 |
| Appropriate for gestational age | 78 | 77 | 79 | |
| Large for gestational age | 6 | 6 | 5 | |
| Low birth weight | 18 | 19 | 12 | 0.07 |
| Macrosomia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.81 |
| Birth length, cm | 48.5 (46.5; 50.1) | 48.2 (46.4; 50.1) | 49.0 (47.3; 50.3) | 0.07 |
| Birth weight-for-length z-scorea | − 0.35 (− 1.00; 0.31) | − 0.35 (− 1.00; 0.40) | − 0.34 (− 1.01; 0.26) | 0.64 |
| Head circumference, cm | 34 (33; 35) | 34 (33; 35) | 34 (33; 35) | 0.67 |
Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain ranges (kg/week): inadequate, normal weight < 0.35, overweight < 0.23, obese < 0.17; adequate, normal weight 0.35–0.50, overweight 0.23–0.33, obese 0.17–0.27; excessive, normal weight > 0.50, overweight > 0.33, obese > 0.27; anaemia, haemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL; preterm delivery, < 37-week gestational age; small for gestational age, birth weight < 10th centile; appropriate for gestational age, birth weight 10th–90th centile; large for gestational age, birth weight > 90th centile; low birth weight, birth weight < 2500 g; macrosomia, birth weight ≥ 4000 g; data are summarised as median (IQR) or %
aCalculated using the International Newborn Size at Birth Standards Application tool
bKruskal–Wallis test (continuous variables), Chi.2 test (categorical variables); significant results are presented in bold (P < 0.05)