Fig. 1.

Schematic of test design and timeline of physical training. Exercise as subject of the current study is indicated in red (interval exercise, INT) and blue (continuous exercise, CON) or violet (physical performance tests). Other physical exercise tests are indicated in grey or stripped. Black arrows indicate the assessment days (BDC: baseline data collection, ISO1-4: four quarter during isolation, R: recovery period after isolation) either pre- or post-exercise. White areas indicate phases of “pure” isolation without physical tests or training. The green area is showing the period when landing on the Lunar surface and on-surface operations took place