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. 2022 Jun 16;13:864006. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864006

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Copyright © 2022 Courbon and Rubinstein.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Subunit composition of commonly studied adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthases. (A) Cartoon of a bacterial ATP synthase. Based on Guo et al. (2019). (B) Cartoon of a mammalian mitochondrial ATP synthase. IMS, intermembrane space.