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. 2022 Jun 16;13:864006. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864006

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Copyright © 2022 Courbon and Rubinstein.

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Proton translocation in ATP synthase. (A) Proton path (blue arrow) through the interface between the a and c subunits of the F_O region of bovine ATP synthase (PDB: 6ZPO) (Spikes et al., 2020). The conserved arginine in subunit a and acidic residues in the c ring are shown as space filling models. (B) Electrostatic surface of bovine subunit a, with positively and negatively charged surfaces colored blue and red, respectively.