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. 2022 Jun 16;9:908479. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.908479

Table 3.

Univariable analysis of the potential risk factors of Coxiellosis in One-humped Camels of Punjab, Pakistan.

Variable Category Pos/Tested Prev (95%CI) OR 95%CI p-Value
District Zone Southern 190/378 50.3 (45.1–55.4) 16.27 8.33–31.79 χ2 124.643
p < 0.001
Northern 88/371 23.7 (19.5–28.4) 5.01 2.53–9.90
Central 10/171 5.9 (2.8–10.5) Ref -
Season Summer 221/619 35.7 (31.9–39.6) 1.94 1.41–2.66 χ2 17.020
p < 0.001
Winter 67/301 22.3 (17.7–27.4) Ref -
Breed Barella 122/314 38.9 (33.4–44.5) 1.86 1.28–2.71 χ2 13.282
p = 0.001
Marecha 108/378 28.6 (24.1–33.4) 1.17 0.81–1.70
Non-Descript 58/228 25.4 (19.9–31.6) Ref -
Age >10 Years 125/269 46.5 (40.4–52.6) 2.60 1.93–3.50 χ2 40.650
p < 0.001
<10 Years 163/651 25.0 (21.8–28.6) Ref 2.00–4.33
Sex Female 231/591 39.1 (35.1–43.2) 3.06 2.20–4.26 χ2 46.540
p < 0.001
Male 57/329 17.3 (13.4–21.9) Ref -
BCS 2 07/28 25 (10.7–44.9) Ref - χ2 2.120
p = 0.548
3 151/452 33.4 (29.1–38) 1.5 0.63–3.62
4 128/434 29.5 (25.2–34) 1.25 0.52–3.03
5 02/06 33.3 (4.3–77.7) 1.5 0.22–10.04
Ticks No 148/647 22.9 (19.7–26.3) Ref - χ2 72.045
p < 0.001
Yes 140/273 51.3 (45.2–57.4) 3.55 2.63–4.79
Herd size Large >20 = 1 63/335 18.8 (14.8–23.4) Ref - χ2 38.269
p < 0.001
Small <20 = 2 225/585 38.5 (34.5–42.5) 2.73 1.98–3.76
Husbandry system Intensive 98/251 39.0 (33.0–45.4) 1.66 1.17–2.36 χ2 9.68
p = 0.007
Extensive 101/349 28.9 (24.2–34.0) 1.06 0.75–1.48
Semi-intensive 89/320 27.8 (23.0–33.1) Ref -
Contact with ruminants No 129/448 28.8 (24.6–33.2) Ref - χ2 2.57
p = 0.109
Yes 159/472 33.7 (29.4–38.1) 1.26 0.95–1.66
Contact with other camel herds No 150/465 32.3 (28–36.7) 1.09 0.83–1.45 χ2 0.43
p = 0.513
Yes 138/455 30.3 (26.1–34.8) Ref -
Purpose Milk 95/300 31.7 (26.4–37.3) 1.03 0.73–1.45 χ2 0.03
p = 0.983
Meat 99/318 31.1 (26.1–36.5) 1 0.71–1.41
Transportation 94/302 31.1 (25.9–36.7) Ref -
Reproductive disorders in herd No 146/687 21.3 (18.2–24.5) Ref χ2 127.469
p < 0.001
Yes 142/233 60.9 (54.4–67.2) 5.78 4.20–7.97
Bioclimatic zone Arid / Semi-Arid 09/56 16.1 (7.6–28.3) Ref - χ2 72.260
p < 0.001
Desert 225/530 42.5 (38.2–46.8) 3.85 1.85–8.02
Plain Area 54/334 16.2 (12.4–20.6) 1.01 0.47–2.18