Table 3.

Dietary patterns associated with inflammation or increased incidence of CD.

Study Type	Participants (n)	Duration	Outcome	Reference
Observational	170 776	26 years	Long-term intake of dietary fiber, especially fruit, is associated with lower risk of CD but not UC	(150)
Prospective cohort	401 326		No associations between fiber from specific sources and risk of UC/CD	(151)
Prospective cohort	83 147	17 years (SD±5)	Mediterranean Diet associated with lower risk of CD	(152)
Prospective cohort	208 834 (NHS, NHSII, HPFS)	-	High dietary inflammatory potential associated with 51% higher risk of CD	(154)
Cross-sectional	1425 (CD, UC, IBS, HC)	-	Processed foods and animal- based foods associated with increased abundances of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus spp. Plant-based foods and fish positively associated with short- chain fatty acid-producing commensal bacteria	(153)

CD, Crohn's disease; UC, Ulcerative colitis; SD, standard deviation; NHS, Nurses' Health Study (NHS); NHSII, Nurses' Health Study; HPFS, The Health Professionals Follow-up Study; IBS, Irritable Bowel Syndrome; HC, healthy controls.