Table 4.

Dietary patterns to induce or maintain remission in Crohn's disease.

Diet	Study type	Participants (n)	Duration (months)	Outcome	Reference
Active Crohn's disease
Mediterranean Diet	Open-label intervention	142 Adult	6	Improvement in BMI, waist circumference, liver steatosis, disease severity, inflammatory biomarkers, and quality of life	(166)
PREDIMED Mediterranean diet score	Observational	66 Adult	3	Daily intake of leafy green vegetables associated with FCP ≤ 100μg Higher omega 6:3 ratio associated with CRP ≤ 5 mg	(167)
Specific Carbohydrate Diet vs. Mediterranean Diet	RCT	194 Adult	3	Specific Carbohydrate Diet was not superior to the Mediterranean diet to achieve symptomatic remission, FCP response, and CRP response.	(168)
Specific Carbohydrate Diet vs. Modified Specific Carbohydrate Diet vs. Whole foods	RCT	18 Pediatric	3	All 3 diets were associated with high and comparable rates of clinical remission, and all had improvement in inflammation to differing degrees	(169)
Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet and Partial Enteral Nutrition vs Exclusive Enteral Nutrition	RCT	74 Pediatric	3	CDED + PEN is better tolerated than EEN, both are effective at achieving remission in the short-term	(164, 165)
Inactive Crohn's disease
Semi-vegetarian diet	Open-label intervention	22 Adult	24	SVD prevented relapse	(170)
High-meat vs. Low-meat	Observational	213 Adult	~11	Red/processed meat is not associated with time to relapse	(171)
Low FODMAP	RCT	52 Adult	1	Low FODMAP diet reduced gut symptoms scores and significantly lower abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. longum, and Faecalibacterium. prausnitzii, no change in microbiome diversity and markers of inflammation	(172)

RCT, randomized control trial; BMI, body mass index; FCP, fecal calprotectin; CRP, C-reactive protein; CDED + PEN, Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet and Partial Enteral Nutrition; ENN, Exclusive Enteral Nutrition; SVD, Semi-vegetarian diet; Low FODMAP, Low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.