Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Populationa.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) (N = 4484) |
|---|---|
| Maternal | |
| Age at enrollment, median (95% range), y | 31.2 (20.3-39.6) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, median (95% range) | 22.7 (17.8-34.1) |
| Nulliparous | 2628 (58.6) |
| Educational level, higher education | 2187 (48.8) |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Cape Verdean | 184 (4.1) |
| Dutch | 2578 (57.5) |
| Dutch Antilles | 99 (2.2) |
| Moroccan | 211 (4.7) |
| Surinamese | 345 (7.7) |
| Turkish | 318 (7.1) |
| Otherb | 749 (16.7) |
| Continued smoking during pregnancy | 1081 (24.1) |
| Did not use folic acid supplement | 1072 (23.9) |
| Fetal | |
| First trimester | |
| Gestational age, median (95% range), wk | 12.4 (10.6-13.8) |
| Crown-to-rump length, mean (SD), mm | 61.0 (11.6) |
| Second trimester | |
| Gestational age, median (95% range), wk | 20.5 (18.6-23.3) |
| Estimated fetal weight, median (95% range), g | 364 (246-624) |
| Third trimester | |
| Gestational age, median (95% range), wk | 30.4 (28.5-33.0) |
| Estimated fetal weight, median (95% range), g | 1605 (1179-2218) |
| Birth | |
| Child sex, female | 2260 (50.4) |
| Gestational age at birth, median (95% range), wk | 40.1 (35.9-42.3) |
| <37 | 207 (4.6) |
| 37-42 | 4060 (90.5) |
| >42 | 217 (4.8) |
| Birth weight, median (95% range), g | 3450 (2255-4485) |
| <2500 | 196 (4.4) |
| 2500-4500 | 4182 (93.4) |
| >4500 | 101 (2.3) |
| Sex- and gestational age–adjusted birth weight | |
| Small (<10th percentile) | 447 (10.0) |
| Appropriate (10th-90th percentile) | 3582 (80.0) |
| Large (>90th percentile) | 447 (10.0) |
| Infant, median (95% range) | |
| At 6-mo visit | |
| Age at visit, mo | 6.2 (5.2-8.3) |
| Weight, kg | 7.8 (6.2-9.8) |
| At 12-mo visit | |
| Age at visit, y | 11.1 (10.1-12.5) |
| Weight, kg | 9.6 (7.7-11.8) |
| At 24-mo visit | |
| Age at visit, y | 24.8 (23.4-28.2) |
| Weight, kg | 12.8 (10.3-16.2) |
| Childhood | |
| Age at follow-up, median (95% range), y | 9.7 (9.3-10.5) |
| BMI, median (95% range) | 17.0 (14.0-24.9) |
| Carotid intima-media thickness, mean (SD), mm | 0.46 (0.04) |
| Carotid distensibility, median (95% range), ×10–3 kPa–1 | 55.9 (37.1-85.5) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
Characteristics are based on the pooled results after multiple imputations.
b
Included African; North, Central, and South American non-Western; North, Central, and South American Western; Asian non-Western; Asian Western; European; Indonesian; and Oceanian.