Table 2.
Injection Abuse versus Oral Abuse | Smoking or Inhalation Abuse versus Oral Abuse | |
---|---|---|
Characteristic | Relative Risk Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Relative Risk Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
| ||
Year | ||
2004 | Ref | Ref |
2005 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 1.15 (1.10–1.19)* |
2006 | 0.92 (0.88–0.96)* | 1.26 (1.22–1.31)* |
2007 | 0.82 (0.79–0.86)* | 1.16 (1.12–1.20)* |
2008 | 0.90 (0.87–0.94)* | 1.22 (1.18–1.26)* |
2009 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09)* | 1.38 (1.34–1.43)* |
2010 | 1.26 (1.22–1.31)* | 1.65 (1.60–1.70)* |
2011 | 1.34 (1.30–1.39)* | 1.74 (1.69–1.80)* |
2012 | 1.45 (1.40–1.50)* | 1.74 (1.69–1.80)* |
2013 | 1.77 (1.71–1.83)* | 1.77 (1.72–1.83)* |
Sex | ||
Female | Ref | Ref |
Male | 1.38 (1.36–1.40)* | 1.35 (1.34–1.37)* |
Age, years | ||
12–17 | Ref | Ref |
18–24 | 2.85 (2.68–3.04)* | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) |
25–34 | 2.16 (2.03–2.30)* | 0.56 (0.54–0.58)* |
35–44 | 1.60 (1.50–1.71)* | 0.37 (0.36–0.39)* |
45–54 | 1.33 (1.24–1.42)* | 0.25 (0.24–0.27)* |
55 and over | 1.07 (0.98–1.15) | 0.20 (0.19–0.21)* |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Hispanic | Ref | Ref |
Non-Hispanic White | 1.44 (1.40–1.49)* | 1.41 (1.37–1.44)* |
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.57 (0.54–0.60)* | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
Non-Hispanic Other | 1.70 (1.62–1.77)* | 2.44 (2.36–2.53)* |
Living Arrangement | ||
Independent | Ref | Ref |
Dependent | 1.27 (1.25–1.29)* | 1.05 (1.04–1.07)* |
Homeless | 1.73 (1.69–1.77)* | 1.14 (1.12–1.17)* |
Employment Status | ||
Full-time employment | Ref | Ref |
Part-time employment | 1.28 (1.24−1.32)* | 1.05 (1.03–1.08)* |
Not in labor force | 1.37 (1.34–1.40)* | 0.92 (0.90–0.93)* |
Unemployed | 1.69 (1.65–1.72)* | 1.07 (1.06–1.09)* |
U.S. Census Region | ||
Northeast | Ref | Ref |
Midwest | 1.65 (1.62–1.68)* | 0.47 (0.46–0.48)* |
South | 2.15 (2.12–2.19)* | 0.70 (0.69–0.70)* |
West | 0.89 (0.87–0.91) | 0.52 (0.51–0.53)* |
Number of Prior Substance Abuse Treatment Episodes | ||
0 | Ref | Ref |
1 | 1.18 (1.17–1.20)* | 1.04 (1.03–1.05)* |
2 | 1.44 (1.42–1.47)* | 1.06 (1.04–1.07)* |
3 or more | 1.79 (1.76–1.82)* | 1.02 (1.00–1.03)* |
Age of First Use of Prescription Opioids, years | ||
Less than 14 | Ref | Ref |
15–17 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.07 (1.04–1.09)* |
18–20 | 0.85 (0.83–0.87)* | 1.05 (1.03–1.07)* |
21–24 | 0.74 (0.72–0.76)* | 0.97 (0.95–0.99)* |
25–29 | 0.65 (0.64–0.67)* | 0.86 (0.84–0.88)* |
30–39 | 0.58 (0.57–0.60)* | 0.79 (0.77–0.81)* |
40 and over | 0.44 (0.42–0.46)* | 0.72 (0.69–0.74)* |
Substance Reported At Admission± | ||
Alcohol | 0.87 (0.85–0.88)* | 0.92 (0.91–0.93)* |
Cocaine or Crack | 1.71 (1.68–1.74)* | 1.29 (1.27–1.31)* |
Marijuana | 1.09 (1.07–1.10)* | 1.27 (1.25–1.28)* |
Heroin | 1.88 (1.84–1.92)* | 1.48 (1.46–1.51)* |
Methamphetamine | 2.21 (2.15–2.26)* | 0.95 (0.92–0.98)* |
Benzodiazepines | 0.98 (0.96–1.00)* | 1.02 (1.01–1.04)* |