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. 2022 Jun 6;9:838762. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.838762

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Chen, Liu, Luo, Chen, Fu, Xu, Wu, Li and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The world map for the associations between heavy metals and breast cancer. (A) The world map for the association between Cu and breast cancer in plasma/serum. (B) The world map for the association between Zn and breast cancer in plasma/serum. (C) The world map for the association between Zn and breast cancer in hair. (D) The world map for the association between Mn and breast cancer in plasma/serum. (E) The world map for the association between Mn and breast cancer in hair. (F) The world map for the association between Cd and breast cancer in plasma/serum. The standard mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model and remarked in the maps by regions. Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Mn, manganese; Cd, cadmium.