Table 2.
Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showing adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for exposures associated with an increased or decreased campylobacteriosis risk, Australia, 2018–2019
| Exposures | Campylobacter aOR (95% CI) n = 1006 | C. jejuni aOR (95% CI) n = 899 | C. coli aOR (95% CI) n = 638 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medication exposures in 4 weeks prior to illness | |||
| Antibiotics | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.0–0.9) |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | 2.8 (1.9–4.3) | 2.6 (1.7–4.2) | 3.8 (1.9–7.8) |
| Poultry-related food exposures in 7 days prior to illness | |||
| Ate duck | 3.1 (1.1–9.7) | – | – |
| Ate pre-cooked chicken | – | – | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) |
| Ate cooked chicken kebabs | 2.2 (1.4–3.8) | 2.0 (1.1–3.5) | – |
| Chicken consumption | |||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Ate cooked chicken only | 1.7 (1.1–2.8) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0.8–6.1) |
| Ate undercooked chicken | 70 (13–1296) | 85 (15–1627) | 60 (6.6–1408) |
| Other food exposures in 7 days prior to illness | |||
| Ate at a café or restaurant | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | – | – |
| Ate at a fast food or takeaway outlet* | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | – | – |
| Ate delicatessen ham, chicken, turkey or beef | – | – | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) |
| Ate chicken pâté | – | – | 6.1 (1.5–25) |
| Ate minced beef or veal dishes | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | – | – |
| Beef consumption | |||
| None | – | Ref. | – |
| Ate cooked beef only | – | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | – |
| Ate undercooked beef | – | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | – |
| Lamb consumption | |||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | – |
| Ate cooked lamb only | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | – |
| Ate undercooked lamb | 0.2 (0.0–0.9) | 0.4 (0.0–1.8) | – |
| Pork consumption | |||
| None | – | Ref. | – |
| Ate cooked pork only | – | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | – |
| Ate undercooked pork | – | 3.6 (0.1–97) | – |
| Animal exposures | |||
| Contact with chicken faeces in 7 days prior to illness | 4.3 (1.7–13) | 4.3 (1.5–14) | – |
| Visited a private farm in 7 days prior to illness | – | 2.1 (1.1–3.7) | – |
| Fed pet dog raw chicken necks | – | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | – |
| Age of pet cat | |||
| No cat | – | Ref. | – |
| Cat aged less than 6 months | – | 3.8 (1.2–13) | – |
| Cat aged more than 6 months | – | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | – |
| Age of pet dog | |||
| No dog | Ref. | Ref. | – |
| Dog aged less than 6 months | 6.4 (3.4–12) | 6.2 (3.2–12) | – |
| Dog aged more than 6 months | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | – |
| Preparation exposures in 3 months prior to illness | |||
| Cooked meat on barbecue | – | – | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) |
*Excludes kebab shops. ‘–’ variable was not included in model