Table 1.
Phenotypes | Inducers | Membrane receptors | Enzymes | Cytokines | Chemokines | Functions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
M1 | IFN-γ, TNF-α, LPS | CD86, MHC-II, IL-2Ra, IL-15Ra, IL-7R |
iNOS (RNI/ROI), PTGS2 | IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 (low), IL-12 (high), IL-15, IL-23, TNF-α |
CCL8, CCL15, CCL19, CCL20, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13 |
Th1 response; type I inflammation; phagocytosis; intracellular pathogen killing; tumor resistance; proinflammatory |
M2a | IL-4, IL-13 |
MHC-II, MRC1, SR-A1, DCL-1, DCSIGN, MS4A4A, CLECSF6 |
Arg (Polyamine), PTGS1 | IL-10, Decoy IL-1RII, IL-1ra, FN1, bIG-H3, IGF-1, PDFGC, F13A1, PGL2, TGF-β |
CCL13, CCL14, CCL17, CCL18, CCL23, CCL26 |
Th2 response; type II inflammation; allergy reaction; parasite encapsulation, killing and immunity; antiinflammatory |
M2b | LPS, IL-1β, antigen–antibody immune complexes (ICs), Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, IL-1R ligands |
MHC-II, CD86 | SPHK1 | IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 (high), IL-12 (low), TNF-α |
CCL1, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 |
Th2 activation; immunomodulation; interacting with B lymphocytes and maintaining antibody production; proinflammatory or antiinflammatory |
M2c | IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoids | CD163, TLR-8, TLR-1, IL-21R, SLAM, MR (CD206) |
– | IL-10, TGF-β | CCL18; Matrix (PTX3, versican, α antitrypsin) |
Prohealing; immunomodulation; matrix deposition; tissue remodeling; inflammation termination |