Table 1.
Characteristics of study subjects and according to extreme tertiles (T1 and T3) of total protein intake.
| Characteristics | All subjects (n=1,833) | T1 (n=613) | T3 (n=606) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic and medication variables | |||
| Age (years) | 67 [62, 72] | 68 [62, 72] | 67 [62, 71] |
| Male sex, N (%) | 778 (42.4%) | 355 (57.9%) | 155 (25.6%) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.69 [27.43, 32.24] | 29.4 [27.26, 31.92] | 29.88 [27.5, 32.33] |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100 [93, 107] | 101 [95, 107] | 99 [92, 106] |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 209.44 [187.12, 235.32] | 210.34 [187.99, 236.44] | 210 [186.86, 236.21] |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 116.76 [89.05, 157.03] | 120.97 [91.84, 163.11] | 113.12 [85.97, 151.3] |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.39 [43.97, 57.77] | 49.41 [43.48, 56.98] | 51.67 [44.67, 59.59] |
| Type 2 Diabetes, N (%) | 492 (26.8%) | 131 (21.4%) | 197 (32.5%) |
| Hypercholesterolemia, N (%) | 1408 (76.8%) | 471 (76.8%) | 469 (77.4%) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1599 (87.2%) | 531 (86.6%) | 527 (87%) |
| Family history of CVD, N (%) | 451 (24.6%) | 132 (21.5%) | 172 (28.4%) |
| Smoking, N (%) [yes] | 287 (15.7%) | 134 (21.9%) | 61 (10.1%) |
| Cardiac medication, N (%) | 164 (8.9%) | 59 (9.9%) | 47 (7.9%) |
| Hypotensive medication, N (%) | 1382 (75.4%) | 459 (75%) | 462 (76.5%) |
| Cholesterol lowering medication, N (%) | 852 (46.5%) | 273 (44.6%) | 291 (48.1%) |
| Nutritional variables | |||
| Total protein intake (% energy/d) | 16.29 [14.52, 18.25] | 13.84 [12.9, 14.53] | 19.19 [18.26, 20.37] |
| Animal protein intake (% energy/d) | 10.84 [9.16, 12.87] | 8.5 [7.29, 9.38] | 13.77 [12.7, 15.12] |
| Plant protein intake (% energy/d) | 5.29 [4.7, 6.05] | 5.24 [4.65, 5.89] | 5.44 [4.73, 6.18] |
| Plant-to-animal protein ratio | 0.49 [0.39, 0.62] | 0.63 [0.51, 0.79] | 0.39 [0.32, 0.48] |
| P14 questionnaire | 9 [7, 10] | 9 [7, 10] | 9 [8, 10] |
| Total protein intake (g/d) | 90.66 [77.75, 105.3] | 84.54 [72.33, 99.96] | 96.93 [82.98, 110.11] |
| Total carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 231.34 [187.85, 279.6] | 259.61 [215.91, 318.92] | 203.53 [164.83, 240.9] |
| Fat (g/d) | 97.8 [78.43, 115.32] | 106.62 [91.54, 126.01] | 81.74 [66.78, 101.56] |
| MUFA (g/d) | 49.03 [36.88, 58.56] | 55.18 [45.71, 63.91] | 38.45 [31.5, 50.46] |
| SFA (g/d) | 24.5 [19.47, 30.18] | 26.17 [21.62, 31.99] | 21.86 [17.44, 27.37] |
| PUFA (g/d) | 14.47 [11.22, 19.04] | 16.7 [12.82, 21.62] | 12.36 [9.43, 15.84] |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | 2229.77 [1907.69, 2617.85] | 2477.15 [2138.42, 2874.52] | 1992.23 [1684.98, 2296.31] |
| Vegetable intake (g/d) | 311 [233, 405] | 288 [219.5, 368.67] | 332.67 [245.96, 437.21] |
| Legume intake (g/d) | 16.57 [12.57, 25.14] | 16.57 [12.57, 25.14] | 16.57 [12, 25.14] |
| Grain intake (g/d) | 216.43 [166.14, 291.21] | 236.33 [176.79, 309.79] | 192.02 [148.71, 260.36] |
| Dairy intake (g/d) | 326.31 [228.1, 550] | 275.71 [207.14, 449.52] | 367.74 [265.8, 599.49] |
| Meat intake (g/d) | 130.57 [97.71, 164.86] | 108.57 [75.1, 140.48] | 149.05 [120, 186.61] |
| Fish intake (g/d) | 97.14 [65.43, 129.24] | 81.33 [53.33, 112.86] | 110.76 [80.29, 145.38] |
| Nuts intake (g/d) | 6.29 [0, 14.86] | 6.29 [2, 17.14] | 4.29 [0, 12.86] |
| Egg intake (g/d) | 25.71 [8.57, 25.71] | 25.71 [8.57, 25.71] | 25.71 [8.57, 25.71] |
Data shows median [IQR] or number (%). CVD, cardiovascular disease; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.