Table 3.
Pro-inflammatory cytokine response to CCHFV: Other cytokines
| Cytokine | Infected cell/species | Lethal | Sample | Level in acute infection | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IP-10 | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | + | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Mø | − | PBMC | + | (Peyrefitte et al., 2010) | |
| TNF-α | Human (Turkey, Albania, Kosovo) | Y/N | Serum | + | (Ergonul et al., 2006), (Papa et al., 2006), (Saksida et al., 2010), (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Mouse (STAT-1, IFNAR) | Y/N | Plasma/serum | + | (Bente et al., 2010), (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| Cell (Mø, DC, dDC, LC) | − | PBMC/cord blood | + | (Connolly-Andersen et al., 2009), (Peyrefitte et al., 2010), (Rodriguez et al., 2018) | |
| MCP-1 | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | + | (Papa et al., 2016b), (Ergönül et al., 2017) |
| NHP | Y/N | Serum | + | (Haddock et al., 2018), (Smith et al., 2019), (Cross et al., 2020) | |
| Mouse (STAT-1) | Y | Plasma | + | (Bente et al., 2010) | |
| Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | + | (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| Cell (Mø, dDC, LC) | − | PBMC/cord blood | + | (Peyrefitte et al., 2010), (Rodriguez et al., 2018) | |
| MIP-1a | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | +/− | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | + | (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| Cell (Mø) | − | PBMC | + | (Peyrefitte et al., 2010) | |
| MIP-1b | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | +/− | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| NHP | Y/N | Serum | + | (Haddock et al., 2018) | |
| Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | + | (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| RANTES | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | (−) | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | + | (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| Cell (Mø) | − | PBMC | + | (Peyrefitte et al., 2010) | |
| CD154 | NHP | N | Serum | + | (Smith et al., 2019) |
| VEGF | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | +/− | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| NHP | N | Serum | + | (Smith et al., 2019) | |
| GM-CSF | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | NSF | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | (−) | (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| PDGF | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | +/− | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Eotaxin | Human (Turkey) | Y/N | Serum | +/− | (Papa et al., 2016b) |
| Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | + | (Hawman et al., 2019) | |
| KC | Mouse (IFNAR) | N | Serum | + | (Hawman et al., 2019) |
DC, dendritic cell; dDC dermal dendritic cell; IFNAR, type I interferon (IFN) receptor-deficient mice; LC, Langerhans cell; Mø, macrophage; −, not applicable; STAT-1, STAT1-deficient mice; NHP, non- human primate (all NHP data are from Cynomolgus macaques); NSF, no significant findings; +, elevated;
+/−, can be elevated; Y, reported in lethal disease; Y/N, reported in lethal and non-lethal disease; N, reported in non-lethal disease;
*
, significantly higher in fatal CCHF than in nonfatal CCHF.