Table 4.

Anti-inflammatory cytokine response to CCHFV

Cytokine	Infected cell/species	Lethal disease	Sample	Level in acute infection	Reference
IL-1RA	Human (Turkey)	Y	Serum	+/−	(Papa et al., 2016b)
	NHP	Y/N	Serum	+	(Haddock et al., 2018), (Smith et al., 2019), (Cross et al., 2020)
IL-4	Human (Turkey)	Y/N	Serum	NSF	(Papa et al., 2016b)
	Mouse (IFNAR)	N	Serum	+	(Hawman et al., 2019)
IL-5	Human (Turkey)	Y/N	Serum	(−)	(Papa et al., 2016b)
	Mouse (IFNAR)	N	Serum	+	(Hawman et al., 2019)
IL-10	Human (Turkey)	Y/N	Serum	+	(Ergonul et al., 2006)
	Human (Albania)	Y	Serum	+	(Papa et al., 2006)
	Human (Kosovo)	Y	Serum	+	(Saksida et al., 2010)
	Human (Turkey)	Y/N	Serum	+	(Papa et al., 2016b)
	Mouse (STAT-1, IFNAR)	Y/N	Plasma/serum	+	(Bente et al., 2010), (Hawman et al., 2019)
	Cell (DC)	−	PBMC	Slightly elevated or NSF	(Connolly-Andersen et al., 2009), (Peyrefitte et al., 2010)
	Cell (dDC, LC)	−	Cord Blood	NSF	(Rodriguez et al., 2018)
IL-19	Cell (DC)	−	PBMC	NSF	(Connolly-Andersen et al., 2009)
G-CSF	Human (Turkey)	Y/N	Serum	+/−	(Papa et al., 2016b)
	Mouse (IFNAR)	N	Serum	(−)	(Hawman et al., 2019)

DC, dendritic cell; dDC dermal dendritic cell; IFNAR, type I interferon (IFN) receptor deficient mice; LC, Langerhans cell; Mø, macrophage; −, not applicable; STAT-1, STAT1-deficient mice; NHP, non-human primate (all NHP data are from Cynomolgus macaques); NSF, no significant findings; +, elevated; +/−, can be elevated; (−), decreased; Y, reported in lethal disease; Y/N, reported in lethal and non-lethal disease; N, reported in non-lethal disease;

^*, significantly higher in fatal CCHF than in nonfatal CCHF.