Table 5.
Summary of CCHFV humoral immunity data from human and animal studies.
| Source | N | Location | Date* | IgM | IgG | NAbs | Parameters associated with survival | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | 7 | Bulgaria | 1989 | NR | NR | − | − | (Vassilenko et al., 1990) |
| Human | 8 | Bulgaria | 2011 | + | + | + | IgG, Non-NAbs | (Mousavi-Jazi et al., 2012) |
| Human | 11 | Bulgaria | 2013–4 | + | + | − | IgG | (Papa et al., 2016a) |
| Human | 5 | India | 2015 | + | − | − | (IgM not associated with survival) |
(Yadav et al., 2016) |
| Human | 12 | India | 2011–9 | + | − | − | IgM | (Gambhir and Rathod, 2019) |
| Human | 24 | Kosovo | 2001, 2003, 2005 |
+ | + | − | IgG, (IgM not associated with survival) |
(Duh et al., 2007) |
| Human | 3 | Pakistan | 2016 | − | + | − | IgG | (Yaqub et al., 2019) |
| Human | 7 | Russia | 1961–4 | NR | NR | − | − | (Leshchinskaya, 1965) |
| Human | 1 | Senegal | 2003 | + | + | − | IgM/IgG | (Nabeth et al., 2004) |
| Human | 7 | South Africa | 1984 | NR | NR | − | − | (Van Eeden et al., 1985) |
| Human | 35 | South Africa | 1981–7 | + | + | + | IgM/IgG, Non-NAbs | (Shepherd et al., 1989) |
| Human | 7 | South Africa | 1984 | NR | NR | − | Abs (unspecified) | (Shepherd et al., 1985) |
| Human | 101 | South Africa | 1981–92 | + | + | − | IgM/IgG | (Burt et al., 1994) |
| Human | 2 | Spain | 2016 | + | + | − | IgM/IgG | (Negredo et al., 2017) |
| Human | 20 | Turkey | 2012 | + | + | − | Anti-NP IgM/IgG, (Anti-GPC IgM/IgG not associated with survival) |
(Ergunay et al., 2014) |
| Human | 31 | Turkey | 2012–4 | − | + | − | IgG | (Kaya et al., 2014) |
| Human | 1 | Uganda | 2015 | + | + | − | IgM/IgG | (Balinandi et al., 2018) |
| Human | 7 | UAE | 1979–80 | NR | NR | − | Abs (unspecified) | (Suleiman et al., 1980) |
| Human | 1 | UK | 2014 | + | + | − | IgM/IgG | (Lumley et al., 2014) |
| Cynomolgus macaque | 12 | NA | 2018 | + | + | + | − | (Haddock et al., 2018) |
| Suckling mice | 5−8 | NA | 2005 | − | + | + | NAbs, Non-NAbs | (Bertolotti-Ciarlet et al., 2005) |
| IFNAR−/− mice | 23 | NA | 2019 | − | + | + | Non-Nabs | (Golden et al., 2019) |
| IFNAR−/− mice | 5−8 | NA | 2019 | + | + | + | Non-Nabs | (Hawman et al., 2019) |
| IFN-I deficient (Ab) FcR−/− mice |
8 | NA | 2019 | − | + | + | Non-NAb in the absence of FcR | (Golden et al., 2019) |
| IFN-I deficient (Ab) C3−/− mice |
8 | NA | 2019 | − | + | + | Non-NAb + complement | (Golden et al., 2019) |
| Rag1−/− mice | 5−8 | NA | 2021 | + | + | − | IgM/IgG | (Hawman et al., 2021) |
*
Date of sampling; N, sample size; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; +, detected; −, not detected.