Table 5.
Exergaming.
| Study | Sample description | Experimental design and duration of trial period | Control design and duration of trial period | Outcomes and results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eggenberger et al. (2015) | N = 49 (CON = 25, EXP = 24) Mean ageCON =80.8 ± 4.7 Mean ageEXP = 77.3 ± 6.3 | Video game dancing + strength and balance exercises 24 weeks: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Treadmill walking + strength and balance training 24 weeks: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) | Gait speed – ↑ for CON and EXP group Gait speed - DT – ↑ for CON and EXP group |
| Morat et al. (2019) | N = 30 (CON = 15, EXP = 15) Mean ageCON = 71.1 ± 5.2 Mean ageEXP = 69.7 ± 6.2 | Volitional stepping exergame on the Dividat Senso device 8 weeks: 3-times per week (40 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Phirom et al. (2020) | N = 39 (CON = 19, EXP = 20) Mean ageCON = 71.1 ± 5.2 Mean ageEXP = 69.7 ± 6.2 | Xbox 360 Kinect – stepping on different targets and in different directions, and balance training. 12 weeks: 3-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Kao et al. (2018) | N = 62 (CON = 31, EXP = 31) Mean ageCON = 72.3 ± / Mean ageEXP = 73.5 ± / | Hot Plus interactive health service system – psychomotor skills training 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Active control group by use of a tablet computer for the passive information activity. | Gait speed (no improvement) |
| Karahan et al. (2015) | N = 90 (CON = 42, EXP = 48) Mean ageCON = 71.5 ± 4.7 Mean ageEXP = 71.3 ± 6.1 | Xbox 360 Kinect 6 weeks: 5-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Home-based balance training 6 weeks: 5-times per week (30 min/trial) | BBS – ↑ for CON and EXP group TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Pichierri et al. (2012) | N = 21 (CON = 10, EXP = 11) Mean ageCON = 85.6 ± 4.2 Mean ageEXP = 86.9 ± 5.1 | Resistance and balance training + video game dancing 12 weeks: PA: 2-times per week (40 min/trial) + video game dancing: 2-times per week (10–15 min/trial) |
Resistance and balance training 12 weeks: PA: 2-times per week (40 min/trial) | Gait speed (no improvement) Gait speed - DT – ↑ for CON and EXP group, |
| Schwenk et al. (2014) | N = 33 (CON = 16, EXP = 17) Mean ageCON =84.9 ± 6.6 Mean ageEXP = 84.3 ± 7.3 | Balance training including weight shifting and virtual obstacle crossing tasks with visual/auditory real-time joint movement feedback using wearable sensors. 4 weeks: 2-times per week (45 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | Gait speed – ↑ EXP group TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Schoene et al. (2013) | N = 32 (CON = 17, EXP = 15) Mean ageCON =78.4 ± 4.5 Mean ageEXP = 77.5 ± 4.5 | Step training using a videogame technology (DDR) 8 weeks: 2–3-times per week (15–20 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG (no improvement) |
| Bieryla and Dold (2013) | N = 9 (CON = 5, EXP = 4) Mean ageCON =80.5 ± 7.8 Mean ageEXP = 82.5 ± 1.6 | Wii Balance Board with Wii Fit training 3 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG (no improvement) |
| Bieryla (2016) | N = 12 (CON = 7, EXP = 5) Mean ageCON =82.6 ± 6.9 Mean ageEXP = 82.0 ± 2.4 | Xbox Kinect training to improve balance. 3 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | BBS – ↑ for EXP group TUG (no improvement) |
| Chao et al. (2015) | N = 32 (CON = 16, EXP = 16) Mean ageCON =83.7 ± 8.0 Mean ageEXP = 86.6 ± 4.2 | Wii Fit training 4 weeks: 2-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Health educational session 4 weeks: 1-times per week (30 min/trial) | BBS – ↑ for EXP group TUG – ↑ for EXP group Gait speed (6MWT) (no improvement) |
| Sápi et al. (2019) | N = 53 (CONmotor= 23, CONpassive = 22, EXP = 30) Mean ageCON motor = 69.7 ± 4.7 Mean ageCON passiver = 67.2 ± 5.6 Mean ageEXP = 69.1 ± 4.2 | Kinect balance training 6 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
CONmotor = Conventional balance training CONpassive= Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) 6 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) | TUG – ↑ for CON motor and EXP group |
| Sato et al. (2015) | N = 54 (CON = 26, EXP = 28) Mean ageCON =68.5 ± 5.5 Mean ageEXP = 70.1 ± 5.3 | Kinect training 12 weeks: 1-2-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | Gait speed BBS – ↑ for EXP group |
| Schättin et al. (2016) | N = 27 (CON = 14, EXP = 13) Mean ageCON =72.2 ± / Mean ageEXP = 73.0 ± / | Exergame training 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Conventional balance training 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) | Gait speed – ↑ CON group Gait speed - DT – ↑ for EXP group |
| Sadeghi et al. (2021) | N = 44 (CON motor = 14, CON passive = 15, EXP = 15) Mean ageCONmotor = 70.4 ± 4.3 Mean ageCONpassive = 72.2 ± 7.2 Mean ageEXP = 74.1 ± 7.0 | Virtual reality balance training 8 weeks: 3-times per week (40 min/trial) |
CON motor = Traditional balance training CON passive = Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) 8 weeks: 3-times per week (40 min/trial) | Gait speed – ↑ CON motor and EXP group TUG – ↑ CON motor and EXP group |
| Gallardo-Meza et al. (2022) | N = 72 (CON = 37, EXP = 35) Mean ageCON =69.2 ± 3.7 Mean ageEXP = 74.1 ± 7.0 | Nintendo Wii training (Wii Fit Plus; Wii Balanceboard; Wii Nunchuk) 4 weeks: exergame:2-times per week (40 min/trial) + Recreational physical activity training: 1-time per week (40 min/trial) |
Recreational physical activity training 4 weeks: 3-times per week (40 min/trial) | TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Lai et al. (2013) | N = 30 (CON = 15, EXP = 15) Mean ageCON =74.8 ± 4.7 Mean ageEXP = 70.6 ± 3.5 | Interactive video game training (The Xavix Measured Step System) 6 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG – ↑ for EXP group BBS – ↑ for EXP group |
| Maillot et al. (2012) | N = 32 (CON = 16, EXP = 16) Mean ageCON =73.5 ± 3.0 Mean ageEXP = 73.5 ± 4.1 | Nintendo Wii training (Wii Balanceboard; Wii Nunchuk) 12 weeks: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | Gait speed ↑ for EXP group TUG ↑ for EXP group |
| Gschwind et al. (2015) | N = 153 (CON = 75, EXP = 78) Mean ageCON =74.7 ± 6.0 Mean ageEXP = 74.7 ± 6.7 | Balance exergame training (iStoppFalls) + strength training 16 weeks: exergame: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) + strength training: 3-times per week (20 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | Gait speed (10 MWT) -DT; TUG (no improvement) |
| Gschwind et al. (2015) | N = 124 (CON = 61, EXPkin =24, EXPsmt=39) Mean ageCON =80.2 ± 6.5 Mean ageEXP−kin = 80.1 ± 6.3 Mean ageEXP−smt = 82.5 ± 7.0 | Home-based interventions of Kinect balance training or Step-mat-training (SMT) exergame Kinect: 16 weeks: exergame: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) + strength training: 3-times per week (20 min/trial) SMT: 16 weeks: exergame: 3-times per week (20 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG (no improvement) |
| Rendon et al. (2012) | N = 34 (CON = 18, EXP = 16) Mean ageCON =83.3 ± 6.2 Mean ageEXP = 85.7 ± 4.3 | Wii Fit balance training 6 weeks: 3-times per week (35–45 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | TUG (8 feet up and go) – ↑ for EXP group |
| Franco et al. (2012) | N = 32 (CON motor = 11, CON passive = 10, EXP = 11) Mean ageCONmotor = 77.9 ± 6.9 Mean ageCONpassive = 76.9 ± 6.3 Mean ageEXP = 79.8 ± 4.7 | Wii Fit balance group 3 weeks: 2-times per week (10–15 min/trial) |
CON motor = Matter of balance group CON passive = Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) 3 weeks: 2-times per week (30–45 min/trial) | BBS – ↑ for CON motor and EXP group |
| Pluchino et al. (2012) | N = 26 (CON = 14, EXP = 12) Mean ageCON =76.0 ± 7.7 Mean ageEXP = 70.7 ± 8.5 | Video game balance board training 8 weeks: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Balance training program 8 weeks: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) | TUG (no improvement) |
| Jorgensen et al. (2013) | N = 58 (CON = 30, EXP = 28) Mean ageCON =73.7 ± 6.1 Mean ageEXP = 75.9 ± 5.7 | Biofeedback-based Nintendo Wii training 10 weeks: 2-times per week (30-40 min/trial) |
Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer insoles | TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Park et al. (2015) | N = 24 (CON = 12, EXP = 12) Mean ageCON =65.2 ± 7.9 Mean ageEXP = 66.5 ± 8.1 | Virtual reality training (Wii Fit balance exercise) 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Ball game training 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) | TUG – ↑ for CON and EXP group |
| Kwok and Pua (2016) | N = 80 (CON = 40, EXP = 40) Mean ageCON =70.5 ± 6.7 Mean ageEXP = 69.8 ± 7.5 | Wii exercise program 12 weeks: 1-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Standard Gym-based exercise 12 weeks: 1-times per week (60 min/trial) | TUG – ↑ for CON and EXP group Gait speed (6MWD) – ↑ for CON and EXP group |
| Yesilyaprak et al. (2016) | N = 18 (CON = 11, EXP = 7) Mean ageCON =70.1 ± 4.0 Mean ageEXP = 73.1 ± 4.5 | Virtual reality balance training (BTS NIRVANA VR Interactive System) 6 weeks: 3-times per week (45–60 min/trial) |
Conventional balance training 6 weeks: 3-times per week (45-60 min/trial) | BBS – ↑ for CON and EXP group TUG – ↑ for CON and EXP group |
| Eggenberger et al. (2016) | N = 33 (CON = 14, EXP = 19) Mean ageCON =77.8 ± 7.4 Mean ageEXP = 72.8 ± 5.9 | Interactive cognitive-motor video game dancing 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Balance and stretching training 8 weeks: 3-times per week (30 min/trial) | Gait speed (4MWT) (no improvement) |
| Padala et al. (2012) | N = 22 (CON = 11, EXP = 11) Mean ageCON =81.6 ± 5.2 Mean ageEXP = 79.3 ± 9.8 | Wii Fit training 8 weeks: 5-times per week (30 min/trial) |
Walking training 8 weeks: 5-times per week (30 min/trial) | BBS – ↑ for CON and EXP group TUG – ↑ CON group |
| Lee et al. (2018) | N = 40 (CON = 21, EXP = 19) Mean ageCON =75.7 ± 4.9 Mean ageEXP = 76.2 ± 4.6 | Virtual reality training program 6 weeks: 2-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | BBS – ↑ for EXP group TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Nagano et al. (2016) | N = 39 (CON = 19, EXP = 20) Mean ageCON =72.0 ± 5.0 Mean ageEXP = 72.0 ± 5.0 | Stepping mat exergame 12 weeks: 2-times per week (15 min/trial) |
Passive group (only pre- and post-intervention assessment) | Gait speed (10 MWT) TUG – ↑ for EXP group |
| Yoo et al. (2013) | N = 21 (CON = 11, EXP = 10) Mean ageCON =75.6 ± 5.6 Mean ageEXP = 72.9 ± 3.4 | Augmented reality-based Otago exercise 12 weeks: 3-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Otago exercise group 12 weeks: 3-times per week (60 min/trial) | Gait speed – ↑ for CON and EXP group BBS – ↑ for CON and EXP group |
| Lee et al. (2015) | N = 54 (CON = 28, EXP = 26) Mean ageCON =67.7 ± 4.3 Mean ageEXP = 68.8 ± 4.6 | Individualized feedback-based virtual reality exercise 8 weeks: 3-times per week (60 min/trial) |
Postural, balance, functional, lower body coordination, and lower body strength exercises 8 weeks: 3-times per week (60 min/trial) | 8FUGT – ↑ for CON and EXP group |