Fig. 2.

Commensal colonization in the setting of CTLA-4 inhibition promotes aberrant commensal-specific T cell responses in skin. (A) S. epidermidis and anti–CTLA-4 treatment schematic. (B) Absolute number of IL-17A⁺ (Left) and IFN-γ⁺ (Right) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the treatment groups. Data are shown for day 8. (C) Absolute number of Tregs (Left). Representative flow cytometry plot showing the frequency of Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ Treg cells in skin (Middle). Ratio of Treg/effector CD4⁺ T cells (Right). (D) S. epidermidis-specific TCR-transgenic CD8⁺ T cells (Bowie^Tg) were adoptively transferred to WT mice 1 d prior to colonization with S. epidermidis (Left). Time course showing Bowie^Tg cells in draining lymph nodes (Middle). Absolute number and frequency of Bowie^Tg cells (of total CD8⁺ T cells) in skin at day 8 treated with S. epidermidis alone (white) or with S. epidermidis and anti–CTLA-4 (red) (Right). (E) Absolute number of IL-17A⁺ (Left) and IFN-γ⁺ (Right) Bowie^Tg cells in skin at day 8 treated with S. epidermidis alone (white) or with S. epidermidis and anti–CTLA-4 (red). Each symbol represents the average of a pool of mice (D) or an individual mouse (B–E). Data shown are pooled from two independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns, not significant, as calculated with one-way ANOVA with Holm–Šidák multiple-comparison test (B and C) or two-way ANOVA with Holm–Šidák multiple-comparison test (D) or nonparametric Mann–Whitney test (D and E). Data are represented as mean ± SEM.