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The major pathways involved in CNS injury: oxidative/nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, ionic imbalance, inflammation, BBB/BSCB disruption and neuronal death. There is extensive crosstalk among these pathways, in which RONS play a critical role. XDH, xanthine dehydrogenase; XO, xanthine oxidase; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; PLA2, phospholipase A2; COX, cyclooxygenase; NMDAr, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.
