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. 2022 Jun 16;13:918100. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.918100

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Copyright © 2022 Aresta Branco, Gutierrez Cruz, Dayton, Perrino and Mutafova-Yambolieva.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Principal pathways of extracellular ATP hydrolysis. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and then ADP is hydrolyzed to AMP by ENTPD1, 2, 3, and 8. ATP can be degraded directly to AMP by alkaline phosphatase (ALPL/TNAP) and ENPP1 and 3. AMP, in turn, is degraded to ADO by NT5E and ALPL/TNAP.