Table 1.

Summary of the curative effects of single herbal medicines in POF.

Single herbal medicine	Active ingredients	Outcomes	References
Epimedium	Icariin	FSH, LH↓; E2, AMH↑.	[24, 25]
Semen cuscutae	TFSC/cuscuta flavonoids	TFSC processing: E2↑. Cuscuta flavonoids processing: FSH↓; E2, AMH↑.	[26, 27]
Pueraria lobata	Puerarin	FSH↓; E2, AMH↑; Bcl-2↑; Bax, cleaved caspase-3↓; β-catenin, SOD2, Nrf2↑.	[30, 31]
Ginseng	Rg1	FSH↓; E2, AMH↑; IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-α↓; aging-associated proteins in the p19-p53-p21-p16 pathway↓, LC3-II↑.	[33, 34]
American ginseng	/	FSH↓; E2↑; HPGDS, PLA2G4A, PTGS1↓; PAPPA, STC2, CCL2, NELL1↑.	[34–37]
Cistanche	/	FSH↓; E2, AMH↑; IFN-γ and TNF-α↓; Bcl-2↑; Bax↓; Bcl-2/Bax ratio↑.	[39]
Angelica	AP	SOD↑; MDA↓; IL-1β, IL-6↓.	[40]
Lycium barbarum	LBP	FSH↓; E2↑; serum anti-zona pellucida antibody↓.	[41]
Maca	/	FSH, LH↓; E2↑.	[42]
Oyster	Oyster polypeptide	FSH↓; P↑; P53, Bad↓.	[43]

TFSC: total flavonoids from Semen cuscutae; AP: Angelica polysaccharide; LBP: Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; E2: estradiol; AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; IL-1b: interleukin-1b; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; LC3-II: light-chain 3 (LC3)-II; HPGDS: hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase; PLA2G4A: phospholipase A2-IVA; PTGS1: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1; PAPPA: pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; STC2: stanniocalcin-2; CCL2 : C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; NELL1: NEL-like protein 1; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; IL-1β: interleukin-1beta.