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Effects of air pollution on novel immune-mediated mechanisms of asthma pathogenesis. a Pollutants that induce or exacerbate asthma by altering immune-mediated responses. b Air pollution induced non-TH2 immune responses, leading to increased susceptibility to or severity of asthma. c Mechanisms of pollutant-driven asthma pathogenesis, including genetic risk, epigenetic alterations, and changes in the lung/gut microbiome. Created with BioRender.com
