Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients with juvenile FM and healthy controls*
| Controls (n = 38) | Patients with juvenile FM (n = 34) | t/LRV | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristic | |||
| Age, years | 15.89 ± 1.32 | 16.37 ± 1.07 | −1.67 |
| Race, no. Caucasian/non‐Caucasian | 35/3 | 32/2 | 0.11† |
| Annual household income (scale 1–6)‡ | 5.13 ± 2.07 | 5.09 ± 2.02 | 0.09 |
| Education level of caregiver 1 (scale 1–5)§ | 3.97 ± 0.88 | 3.88 ± 0.91 | 0.43 |
| Education level of caregiver 2 (scale 1–5)§ | 3.74 ± 0.78 | 3.63 ± 0.98 | 0.55 |
| Brain | |||
| Total GMV volume | 787.70 ± 59.87 | 785.50 ± 53.17 | 0.16 |
| Total WMV | 384.27 ± 40.42 | 399.49 ± 36.89 | −1.66 |
| Clinical variables | |||
| Functional disability (FDI) | 0.5 ± 1.25 | 22.74 ± 9.26 | −13.89¶ |
| Fatigue (PROMIS) | 14.28 ± 6.64 | 35.23 ± 6.87 | −12.30¶ |
| Pain interference (BPI) | – | 4.29 ± 1.55 | – |
| Average pain intensity | – | 5.43 ± 1.42 | – |
| Medication, no. (%) | |||
| Pain‐related drugs# | – | 12 (35.29) | – |
| Psychiatric drugs** | – | 15 (44.12) | – |
| Gastrointestinal drugs†† | – | 7 (20.59) | – |
| Melatonin | – | 3 (8.82) | – |
| Antihistamines | – | 3 (8.82) | – |
| Vitamins/iron supplements | – | 3 (8.82) | – |
| Birth control | 2 (5.26) | 2 (5.88) | – |
| Hypertension treatment | 1 (2.63) | – | – |
| Statins | 1 (2.63) | – | – |
Except where indicated otherwise, values are the mean ± SD. FM = fibromyalgia; GMV = gray matter volume; WMV = white matter volume; FDI = Functional Disability Inventory; PROMIS = Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory.
Likelihood ratio value (LRV).
Annual household income is shown using a scale of 1–6, where 1 = <$24,999; 2 = $25,000 to $49,999; 3 = $50,000 to $74,999; 4 = $75,000 to $99,000; 5 = $100,000 to $124,999; and 6 = >$125,000.
Caregiver education level is shown using a scale of 1–5, where 1 = less than high school; 2 = high school/GED; 3 = partial college or trade school; 4 = college graduate; 5 = postgraduate degree.
Significant values (P < 0.001).
# Pain‐related drugs included antiepileptic drugs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, acetaminophen, and/or acetylsalicylic acid.
Psychiatric drugs included antidepressants, anxiolytics, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs.
Gastrointestinal drugs included antiacids, antireflux drugs, and constipation drugs.