Table 5.

Urinalysis of male and female rats given W. cibaria CMU for 13-weeks

Parameter	Result	Control	1250 mg/kg bw/day	2500 mg/kg bw/day	5000 mg/kg bw/day
Males
Urine volume (mL)		24 ± 9	24 ± 5	18 ± 2	12 ± 3*
Glucose	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Bilirubin	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Ketone bodies	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	3/5
	Trace	0/5	0/5	0/5	2/5
Specific gravity*	≤ 1.005	3/5	5/5	3/5	0/5
	1.010	2/5	0/5	2/5	5/5
Occult blood	Negative	3/5	3/5	5/5	3/5
	Trace	2/5	2/5	0/5	2/5
pH*	7.5	1/5	3/5	0/5	1/5
	8.0	3/5	2/5	5/5	0/5
	8.5	1/5	0/5	0/5	3/5
	9.0	0/5	0/5	0/5	1/5
Protein	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	3/5
	Trace	0/5	0/5	0/5	2/5
Urobilinogen	0.2	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Nitrite	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Leukocytes	Negative	4/5	5/5	5/5	4/5
	Trace	0/5	0/5	0/5	1/5
	1 +	1/5	0/5	0/5	0/5
Color	Straw	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Females
Urine volume (mL)		11 ± 4	12 ± 4	11 ± 2	11 ± 3
Glucose	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Bilirubin	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Ketone bodies	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Specific gravity	≤ 1.005	5/5	5/5	3/5	3/5
	1.010	0/5	0/5	2/5	2/5
Occult blood	Negative	4/5	5/5	4/5	4/5
	Trace	1/5	0/5	1/5	0/5
	1 +	0/5	0/5	0/5	1/5
pH**	7.0	2/5	0/5	0/5	1/5
	7.5	2/5	3/5	0/5	1/5
	8.0	1/5	2/5	5/5	0/5
	8.5	0/5	0/5	0/5	3/5
Protein	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Urobilinogen	0.2	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Nitrite	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Leukocytes	Negative	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5
Color	Straw	5/5	5/5	5/5	5/5

Results are presented as number of animals with the sign/number of animals examined for all variables except urine volume, which is presented as mean ± standard deviation

^*Significant difference among groups, p < 0.05

^**Significant difference among groups, p < 0.01. Individual groups were not compared to controls