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. 2022 Jun 30;13(6):574. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05024-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Approximately 50,000 SV-treated and GSC33 shGal-1 cells were intracranially implanted into the brain of 4-week-old male and female athymic nude mice using stereotaxic apparatus (n = 8). A Kaplan–Meier curves plotted to show a significant increase in percent survival for all shGal-1-treated mice (n = 8) (p < 0.05) compared to untreated tumor-bearing mice (n = 8). B Hematoxylin and Eosin staining confirmed the survival data. Immunohistochemistry analysis performed on untreated and shGal-1-treated mice showed significant reduction in the expression of Gal-1 (Bar = 100 µm). C Immunoblot analysis shows the expression profiles of HIF-1α, Gal-1, and CA-IX in normoxia and hypoxia conditions. D GSC20 and GSC33 cells were transfected with siRNA against HIF-1α and the indicated proteins were analyzed by immunoblot analysis. E The siHIF-1α transfected GSC20 and GSC33 cells were labeled with Gal-1 and CA-IX antibodies. Immunocytochemistry shows increased colocalization of Gal-1 and CA-IX in both the controls whereas the siHIF-1α cells showed a reduced expression (Red = Gal-1; Green = CA-IX; Blue = DAPI; colocalization = Yellow). E Schematic representation of the possible regulation of HIF-1α-Gal-1-CA-IX axis in promoting Warburg effect in GSC.