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Schematic summary of FOXO3a in this study. In response to external stress, FOXO3a is phosphorylated, the most common post-translational modification, and discharged from the nucleus and degraded. FOXO3a directly interacts with TGF-β and HO-1 and activates TGF-β and HO-1, and reduces inflammatory cytokines and elevates antioxidant enzymes. The interaction between inflammation and oxidative stress can exacerbate joint inflammation and eventually bone erosion.
