Table 1.
Descriptive statistics.
| N | Characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Type of studies N = 92 |
Misinformation | 45 (48.91) |
| Disinformation | 10 (10.87) | |
| Fake News | 35 (38.04) | |
| Risk Communication | 2 (2.17) | |
| Sample Size N = 43 |
≤100 | 5 (11.63) |
| 101–1000 | 22 (51.16) | |
| 1001–5000 | 14 (32.56) | |
| ≥5000 | 2 (4.65) | |
| Focus N = 102 |
Motives | 56 (54.90) |
| Sociodemographic | 15 (14.71) | |
| Tool - Detection | 27 (26.47) | |
| Tool - Intervention | 1 (0.98) | |
| Dataset | 3 (2.94) | |
| Methodology N = 97 |
Experiment (Tools) | 28 (28.87) |
| Empirical (Survey) | 43 (44.33) | |
| Empirical (Content analysis) | 23 (23.71) | |
| Empirical - Interview | 3 (3.09) | |
| Continent N = 114 |
Europe | 27 (23.68) |
| North America | 19 (16.67) | |
| South America | 5 (4.39) | |
| Oceania | 5 (4.39) | |
| Africa | 18 (15.79) | |
| Asia | 40 (35.09) | |
| Cohort N = 44 |
Social Media Users | 13 (29.55) |
| General Population | 26 (59.09) | |
| Healthcare Workers | 2 (4.55) | |
| Students | 2 (4.55) | |
| Experts | 1 (2.26) | |
| Topic N = 67 |
General | 41 (61.19) |
| Vaccine | 10 (14.93) | |
| Remedies/Cure | 6 (8.96) | |
| Virus | 6 (8.96) | |
| Mask | 4 (5.97) | |
| Dataset Source N = 51 |
Social Media | 29 (56.86) |
| General Website | 11 (21.57) | |
| Messaging Platform | 3 (5.88) | |
| Blog | 1 (1.96) | |
| News and Publication | 7 (13.73) | |
| Social Media & Messaging Platform N = 38 |
20 (52.63) | |
| 4 (10.53) | ||
| YouTube | 4 (10.53) | |
| Others (Weibo, Reddit, TikTok, Pinterest, Instagram, Whatsapp, Telegram) | 10 (26.32) |
Note: CA- Content analysis; Numbers do not add up to 97 due to multiple/mixed use in some studies.