Table 1.
Summary of clinical data.
|
Schizophrenia (n = 60) |
Control (n = 32) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 38 (63.3%) [0.49–0.75] |
21 (65.6%) [0.46–0.81] |
chi2 = 0.05 p = 0.83 |
| Age [y] | 39.4 ± 10.4 [36.7–42.1] | 37.3 ± 10.3 [33.6–41.0] | t = −0.93 p = 0.35 |
| Cigarette smoking | 37 (61.7%) [0.48–0.73] |
5 (15.6%) [0.05–0.33] |
chi2 = 17.83 p < 0.001 |
| Smoking [pack-years] | 9.6–12.2 [6.5–12.8] |
2.5 ± 6.5 [0.1–4.8] |
z = −4.25 p < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 11 (18.3%) [0.09–0.30] |
7 (21.9%) [0.09–0.40] |
chi2 = 0.16 p = 0.68 |
| Diabetes | 7 (11.7%) [0.05–0.23] |
0 (0%) [0–0.11*] |
chi2 = 4.04 p = 0.04 |
| Dyslipidemia | 18 (30.0%) [0.19–0.43] |
6 (18.8%) [0.07–0.36] |
chi2 = 1.37 p = 0.24 |
| Anthropometric | |||
| Weight [kg] | 82.3 ± 18.2 [77.6–87.0] | 80.5 ± 18.8 [73.8-87.3] |
t = −0.45 p = 0.65 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 28.2 ± 5.9 [26.7-29.8] |
26.0 ± 5.4 [24.0-27.9] |
t = −1.82 p = 0.07 |
| WHR | 0.96 ± 0.08 [0.93–0.97] |
0.87 ± 0.09 [0.84–0.91] |
t = −4.44 p < 0.001 |
| Blood pressure [mm Hg] | |||
| systolic | 125.0 ± 15.6 [121.0-129.1] | 131.3 ± 17.5 [125.0-137.6] |
t = 1.70 p = 0.09 |
| diastolic | 79.8 ± 10.9 [77.0-82.6] | 83.1 ± 10.8 [79.2-87.0] | t = 1.38 p = 0.17 |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| ALT [U/L] | 31.4 ± 22.2 [25.6–37.1] | 28.5 ± 7.6 [25.8–31.2] |
t = −0.90 p = 0.37 |
| AST [U/L] | 25.4 ± 11.4 [22.5–28.4] | 30.0 ± 17.7 [23.7–36.4] | t = 1.33 p = 0.19 |
| Glucose [mg/dL] | 94.0 ± 24.5 [87.7–100.4] | 87.9 ± 14.5 [82.7–93.2] | t = −1.49 p = 0.14 |
| CRP [mg/L] | 2.8 ± 3.2 [1.9–3.6] |
3.8 ± 8.2 [0.8–6.7] |
t = 0.64 p = 0.52 |
| Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 192.6 ± 36.2 [183.3–202.0] | 210.6 ± 43.4 [194.9–226.2] | t = 1.99 p = 0.05 |
| Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 136.1 ± 51.8 [122.7–149.5] | 178.1 ± 126.9 [132.4–223.9] | t = 1.79 p = 0.08 |
| HDL cholesterol [mg/dL] | 47.9 ± 14.0 [44.3–51.6] | 53.2 ± 13.1 [48.4–57.9] | t = 1.76 p = 0.08 |
| LDL cholesterol [mg/dL] | 115.7 ± 32.1 [107.4–124.0] | 121.9 ± 36.9 [108.7–135.3] | t = 0.81 p = 0.42 |
| Body composition | |||
| Total fat [g] | 29,524.9 ± 12,096.7 [26,372.4–32,677.3] | 24,792.8 ± 11,772.2 [20,396.9–29,188.6] | t = −1.76 p = 0.08 |
| Total fat–free mass [g] | 51,099.1 ± 9,507.3 [48,621.5–53,576.7] | 51,498.6 ± 10,673.4 [47,513.1–55,484.2] | t = 0.17 p = 0.86 |
| Total fat [%] | 34.8 ± 8.5 [32.6–37.0] |
30.3 ± 8.8 [27.0–33.6] |
t = −2.35 p = 0.02 |
| Total fat–free mass [%] | 62.9 ± 9.2 [60.5–65.3] |
65.9 ± 8.4 [62.7–69.0] |
t = 1.54 p = 0.13 |
| FMI [kg/m2] | 10.2 ± 4.3 [9.0–11.3] |
8.1 ± 4.0 [6.6–9.6] |
t = −2.21 p = 0.03 |
| SAT area [cm2] | 176.6 ± 81.5 [155.5–197.6] | 146.2 ± 68.1 [121.7–170.8] | t = −1.89 p = 0.06 |
| VAT area [cm2] | 147.5 ± 81.1 [126.5–168.5] | 105.1 ± 67.9 [80.5–129.6] | t = −2.66 p = 0.009 |
| VAT mass [g] | 1,391.6 ± 956.4 [1,137.9–1,645.4] | 996.7 ± 1,010.9 [619.2–1,374.2] | t = −1.76 p = 0.08 |
| VAT mass [%] | 1.6 ± 0.9 [1.4–1.8] |
1.1 ± 0.9 [0.7–1.4] |
t = −2.52 p = 0.01 |
| VAT volume [cm3] | 1,475.2 ± 1,013.8 [1,206.2–1,744.2] | 1,056.5 ± 1,071.6 [656.3–1,456.6] | t = −1.76 p = 0.08 |
*
One–sided, 97.5% confidence interval.
Data given as mean ± standard deviation [95% CI], otherwise as n (%) [95% CI]. Bold values are statistically significant.