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. 2022 Jun 30;12(6):e056340. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056340

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Author, year,* country Study design Sample size (N) Age, years (mean±SD） Female N (%) Outcome ascertainment Research period Stroke reference period Adjusted risk factors† NOS‡/
AHRQ scores§
Zhang Qin et al 2020, China36 Cross-sectional study 221 6 0.13±8.72† 88 (39.8)† The self-made questionnaire, ADL, SAS, SDS, SFES-I May 2017–January 2019 The first-onset stroke recovery period

  1. Age

  2. Marital status

  3. History of falls

  4. Anxiety

  5. Depression

 4
Li Ying et al 2014,
China34 		Case-control study 170 73.54†
Male: 73.0±8.4
Female: 74.2±7.6		 76 (44.70)† The self-made questionnaire, MMSE, The single-item question, MFES, BBS, TUGT March 2013–August 2013 Medically diagnosed

  1. Berg balance force (min)

  2. TUG mobile capability(s)

  3. History of falls within six metres

 9
Yadav et al 2020, India40 Case–control study 82 51.6±12.13† 22 (26.8) TUGT, FM, PHQ-9, the single-item question 23 August-10 February 2019. Patients with cerebral stroke for more than 3 months

  1. Fugl-Meyer Scale score

  2. Timed Up and Go score

 8
Amanda Larén et al 2018, Sweden14 Prospective cohort study 462 74.8±12 226 (48.9) The single-item question, the SwePASS, SGPALS, using a walking aid and/or a wheelchair, NIHSS 1 October 2014–30 June 2016. Patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of a first-ever or recurrent clinical stroke, acute stroke

  1. Female

  2. SwePASS total score ＜24

  3. Using a walking aid

 8
Schinkel-Ivy et al 2016, Canada41 Case-control study 208 FoF: 68.6±11.6
No FoF: 65.3±13.6		 FoF:52 (61.9)
No FoF:
43 (34.7)		 The single-item question, ABC October 2009 and September 2012 In-patient stroke rehabilitation

  1. Grasp reactions

  2. Assists

 7
Goh et al 2016, China64 Case-control study 125 66.6±6.9 26 (35) FAC, FM, BBS, MoCA, PHQ-9, FES-I, FSS NR Aged 60 years or older, had stroke onset more than 3 months ago FAC ≤4 7
Beliz Belgen et al 2006,
Sweden37 		Cross-sectional study 50 59.9±11.9 19 (38) The single-item question, FES-S, STS, FMA, BBS, TUGT, SIS mood and emotion NR They had a stroke onset more than 1 month prior History of falls 6
Netha Hussain et al 2021
Sweden35 		Prospective cohort study 279 75.83±11.17
FoF:
78.05±11.13
No FoF: 74.22±10.95		 Total:143 (51.3)
FoF:71 (60.7)
No FoF: 72 (44.4)		 NIHSS, MoCA, the single-item question, SwePASS, SGPALS Between 1 October 2014 and 30 June 2016 All the Falls GOT cohort participants were still alive 6 months after a stroke.

  1.  Age

  2.  Female

  3.  History of falls

  4.  Use of walking aid

  5.  SwePASS score (0–24)

  6.  SGPALS score--Physically inactive

 8

*Year of publication of the study.

†Data as reported by the authors.

‡The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

§The instrument Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

ABC, The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; ADL, The modified Barthel Index; BBS, The Berg Balance Scale; FAC, The Functional Ambulation Category; FES-I, Fall Efficacy Scale International; FES-S, Falls Efficacy Scale–Swedish Version; FM/FMA, The Fugl-Meyer Scale; FoF, fear of falling; FSS, The Fatigue Severity Scale; MFES, The Modified Fall Efficacy Scale; MMSE, The mini-mental state examination; MoCA, The Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NIHSS, The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; NR, not reported; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire−9; S-AI, State Anxiety Inventory; SAS, The Self-rating Anxiety Scale; CES-D Scale, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SDS, The Self-rating Depression Scale; SFES-I, Short Falls Efficacy Scale International; SGPALS, the Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale; SIS, Stroke Impact Scale; SSRS, Social Support Rating Scale; STS, timed sit-to-stand test; The SwePASS, the Swedish modified version of the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke; T-AI, Trait Anxiety Inventory; TUGT, The Timed Up and Go test.