Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to COPD and asthma status in patients hospitalised for HF in England–Wales
| HF-alone (N=170 297) | COPD +HF (N=32 695) | Asthma +HF (N=14 400) | Overall (N=2 17 392) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 81 (72, 88) | 79 (72, 85) | 79 (69, 86) | 81 (72, 87) |
| Missing | 67 (0.1%) | 22 (0.1%) | 10 (0.1%) | 199 (0.1%) |
| Male | 91 837 (53.9%) | 19 072 (58.3%) | 5936 (41.2%) | 116 845 (53.7%) |
| Missing | 74 (0.1%) | 44 (0.1%) | 21 (0.1%) | 239 (0.1%) |
| Place of admission | ||||
| Cardiology | 76 428 (44.9%) | 12 361 (37.8%) | 6147 (42.7%) | 94 936 (43.7%) |
| Other | 93 358 (54.8%) | 20 246 (61.9%) | 8218 (57.1%) | 21 822 (56.0%) |
| Missing | 511 (0.3%) | 88 (0.3%) | 35 (0.2%) | 634 (0.3%) |
| Died in-hospital | 20 316 (11.9%) | 4181 (12.8%) | 1337 (9.3%) | 25 834 (11.9%) |
| Device therapy | ||||
| None | 147 485 (86.6%) | 28 962 (88.6%) | 12 818 (89.0%) | 189 265 (87.1%) |
| CRT-D | 3047 (1.8%) | 496 (1.5%) | 189 (1.3%) | 3732 (1.7%) |
| CRT-P | 1681 (1%) | 296 (0.9%) | 142 (1%) | 2119 (1.0%) |
| ICD | 3001 (1.8%) | 511 (1.6%) | 211 (1.5%) | 3 723 (1.7%) |
| Missing | 15 083 (8.9%) | 2430 (7.4%) | 1040 (7.2%) | 18 553 (8.5%) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Valve disease | 38 213 (22.4%) | 7005 (21.4%) | 2906 (20.2%) | 48 124 (22.1%) |
| Missing | 3426 (2.0%) | 822 (2.5%) | 335 (2.3%) | 4583 (2.1%) |
| IHD | 65 992 (38.8%) | 14 198 (43.4%) | 5175 (35.9%) | 85 365 (39.3%) |
| Missing | 3667 (2.2%) | 811 (2.5%) | 335 (2.3%) | 4813 (2.2%) |
| Hypertension | 91 477 (53.7%) | 16 838 (51.5%) | 8208 (57%) | 116 523 (53.6%) |
| Missing | 1326 (0.8%) | 381 (1.2%) | 125 (0.9%) | 1832 (0.8%) |
| Diabetes | 50 194 (29.5%) | 10 348 (31.7%) | 4772 (33.1%) | 65 314 (30%) |
| Missing | 459 (0.3%) | 142 (0.4%) | 54 (0.4%) | 655 (0.3%) |
| AF | 72 235 (42.4%) | 13 728 (42%) | 5508 (38.2%) | 91 471 (42.1%) |
| Breathlessness (NYHA) | ||||
| No limitation of physical activity | 12 273 (7.2%) | 1254 (3.8%) | 768 (5.3%) | 14 295 (6.6%) |
| Slight limitation of ordinary physical activity | 24 541 (14.4%) | 3951 (12.1%) | 1993 (13.8%) | 30 485 (14.%) |
| Marked limitation of ordinary physical activity | 68 179 (40%) | 13 671 (41.8%) | 6011 (41.7%) | 87 861 (40.4%) |
| Symptoms at rest or minimal activity | 54 652 (32.1%) | 12 191 (37.3%) | 4809 (33.4%) | 71 652 (33%) |
| Missing | 10 652 (6.3%) | 1628 (5.0%) | 819 (5.7%) | 13 099 (6.0%) |
| Echocardiography performed | 137 955 (81%) | 26 165 (80%) | 11 342 (78.8%) | 175 462 (80.7%) |
| Ejection fraction status | ||||
| HFrEF | 92 619 (54.4%) | 16 408 (50.2%) | 7334 (50.9%) | 116 361 (53.5%) |
| HFpEF | 77 678 (45.6%) | 16 287 (49.8%) | 7066 (49.1%) | 101 031 (46.5%) |
| HF management plan | ||||
| Pre-discharge management plan in place | 11 760 (6.9%) | 2152 (6.6%) | 1002 (7.0%) | 14 914 (6.9%) |
| Management plan has been discussed with the patient | 10 572 (6.2%) | 1894 (5.8%) | 954 (6.6%) | 13 420 (6.2%) |
| Management plan has been communicated to the primary care team | 19 880 (11.7%) | 3963 (12.1%) | 1780 (12.4%) | 25 623 (11.8%) |
| All of the above | 83 507 (49%) | 15 496 (47.4%) | 7140 (49.6%) | 106 143 (48.8%) |
| No plan | 18 021 (10.6%) | 3937 (12.0%) | 1546 (10.7%) | 23 504 (10.8%) |
| Missing | 26 557 (15.6%) | 5253 (16.1%) | 1978 (13.7%) | 33 788 (15.5%) |
| Referral to HF MDT | 53 898 (31.6%) | 9719 (29.7%) | 4455 (30.9%) | 68 072 (31.3%) |
| Missing | 29 946 (17.6%) | 5722 (17.5%) | 2216 (15.4%) | 37 884 (17.4%) |
| Referral to cardiology follow-up | 70 925 (41.6%) | 11 875 (36.3%) | 6241 (43.3%) | 89 041 (41%) |
| Missing | 13 827 (8.1%) | 2882 (8.8%) | 984 (6.8%) | 17 693 (8.1%) |
| Referral to HF nurse follow-up | 76 170 (44.7%) | 13 728 (42.0%) | 6249 (43.4%) | 96 147 (44.2%) |
| Missing | 13 442 (7.9%) | 2658 (8.1%) | 952 (6.6%) | 17 052 (7.8%) |
| LOS | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 8 (3, 15) | 8 (4, 16) | 7 (3, 14) | 8 (4, 15) |
| IMD Wales (quartile) | N=8205 | N=1889 | N=776 | N=N=10 870 |
| 1st (most deprived) | 2126 (25.9%) | 371 (19.6%) | 188 (24.2%) | 2685 (24.7%) |
| 2nd | 2058 (25.1%) 396 | (21.0%) 190 | (24.5%) 83 | 2644 (24.3%) |
| 3rd | 1977 (24.1%) | 459 (24.3%) | 196 (25.3%) | 2632 (24.2%) |
| 4th (least deprived) | 1824 (22.2%) | 607 (32.1%) | 185 (23.8%) | 2616 (24.1%) |
| Missing* | – | – | – | – |
| IMD England (quartile) | N=1 59 540 | N=30 352 | N=13 433 | N=203 325 |
| 1st (most deprived) | 35 836 (22.5%) | 9338 (30.8%) | 3449 (25.7%) | 48 623 (23.9%) |
| 2nd | 38 347 (24.0%) | 7762 (25.6%) | 3403 (25.3%) | 49 512 (24.4%) |
| 3rd | 40 131 (25.2%) | 6848 (22.6%) | 3166 (23.6%) | 50 145 (24.7%) |
| 4th (least deprived) | 41 387 (25.9%) | 5615 (18.5%) | 3072 (22.9%) | 50 074 (24.6%) |
| Missing | 3839 (2.4%) | 789 (2.6%) | 343 (2.6%) | 4971 (2.4%) |
*Not shown due to small numbers.
AF, atrial fibrillation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronisation therapy defibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronisation therapy pacemaker; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; IMD, indices of multiple deprivation; LOS, length of stay; MDT, multidisciplinary team; NYHA, New York Heart Association.