Table 2. Association Between PTSD and Rate of Change in Cogstate Composite Scores.
| No. of PTSD symptoms | Participants, No. (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI), SD/yc | P value | β (95% CI), SD/yc | P value | ||
| Psychomotor speed and attention (n = 12 248) | |||||
| 0 | 4044 (33.0) | [Reference] | NA | [Reference] | NA |
| 1-3 | 5052 (41.2) | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01) | .19 | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01) | .18 |
| 4-5 | 2102 (17.2) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | .41 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | .42 |
| 6-7 | 1050 (8.6) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | .02 | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | .02 |
| Test of trendd | NA | NA | .24 | NA | .23 |
| Learning and working memory (n = 12 263) | |||||
| No. of PTSD symptoms | |||||
| 0 | 4050 (33.0) | [Reference] | NA | [Reference] | NA |
| 1-3 | 5054 (41.2) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | .31 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | .32 |
| 4-5 | 2107 (17.2) | −0.03 (−0.06 to −0.003) | .03 | −0.03 (−0.06 to −0.003) | .03 |
| 6-7 | 1052 (8.6) | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) | <.001 | −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) | <.001 |
| Test of trendd | NA | NA | <.001 | NA | <.001 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
a
Model 1 was adjusted for age at baseline cognitive assessment, race and ethnicity, parental educational level, and participant educational level.
b
Model 2 was adjusted for all variables in model 1 plus body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet quality.
c
β coefficients of the time-PTSD interaction terms from the linear mixed-effects models, representing the difference in 1-year change in Cogstate Brief Battery composite scores compared with women with no PTSD symptoms.
d
Linear trend was tested by fitting models with PTSD symptom severity level as an ordinal variable.