Table 2.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of red algae
| Species | Extraction (solvent) | Compound | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant | ||||
| Porphyra tenera | PLE (50% MeOH) | PA | TEAC = 20–25 µmol/g | Onofrejová et al. (2010) |
| Gracilaria birdiae | UAE (0.1 M NaOH) | SP | Total antioxidant capacity = 41.6–75.9 mg/g AAE | Fidelis et al. (2014) |
| Porphyra yezoensis | UAE (W) | PF | Scavenging activity on hydroxyl (0.065 mg/mL) and superoxide radical (0.182 mg/mL) | Zhou et al. (2012) |
| Mastocarpus stellatus | SLE (W) | Carrageenans | FRAP (44.9 μmol TE/g) | Gómez-Ordóñez et al. (2014) |
| Gigartina spp. | EAE (alkaline protease) | Fucoidan | Inhibition of superoxide radical (IC50 = 0.058 mg/mL). Peroxidation (IC50 = 1.250 mg/mL) | Rocha De Souza et al. (2007) |
| Gracilaria arcuata | SLE (EtOH) | PC, sterols | DPPH (27.3 GAE mg/100 g) | Agatonovic-Kustrin and Morton (2017) |
| Palmaria palmata | EAE (proteases & cellulases, W) | TPC | DPPH (EC50 = 0.6–1.9 mg/mL) ORAC (35.8 mmol TE/g extract) | Wang et al. (2010) |
| Pterocladia capillacea | EAE (glucanase & galactosidase) | PF | DPPH (Top value = 91.5% at 1000 mg/mL) | Fleita et al. (2015) |
| Palmaria palmata | HHPE + EAE (polysaccharidases) | TPC | ORAC (4–12 μg TE/g) | Suwal et al. (2019) |
| Solieria chordalis | PF, Proteins | ORAC (15–20 μg TE/g) | ||
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||
| Gracilaria caudata | HAE (W) | SP | MPO activity, CKs levels reduction | Chaves et al. (2013) |
| Solieria filiformis | SLE (0.1 M NaCOOH buffer, papain digestion) | SP | Inhibition of nociceptive effects | De Araújo et al. (2011) |
| Chondrus verrucosus | HAE (0.17 M HCl) | SP | Inhibition of RBL-2H3 cell line | He et al. (2019) |
| Gelidium pacificum | HAE, (W, 95% EtOH) | SP | Inhibition o NO production from LPS-induced THP-1 cell line | Cui et al. (2019) |
| Gracilaria salicornia | SLE (EtOAc:MeOH, 1:1) | Chromenyl compounds | Inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzymes: COX-2, 5-LOX | Antony and Chakraborty (2019) |
| Gracilaria birdiae | SLE (0.1 M NaCOOH buffer, papain digestion) | SP | Inhibition of HO-1 pathway | De Sousa Oliveira Vanderlei et al. (2011) |
| Gracilaria cornea | SLE (0.1 M NaCOOH buffer, papain digestion) | SP | Inhibition of nociceptive effects, neutrophil migration, and oedema | Coura et al. (2012) |
| Gracilaria opuntia | HAE (W) | SP | Inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzymes: COX-1, 5-LOX | Makkar and Chakraborty (2017) |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii | SLE (MeOH:EtOAc, 1:1) | Terpenoids | Inhibition of inflammatory enzymes: COX, LOX | Chatter et al. (2011), Makkar and Chakraborty (2018) |
| Laurencia glandulifera | n.d | Neorogioltriol (diterpenoid) | Inhibition of edema in vivo, activity against LPS-induced macrophages, inhibition of NF-kB activation, TNF-α and NO levels and COX-2 | Chatter et al. (2011), Makkar and Chakraborty (2018) |
| Palmaria palmata | SLE (MeOH/CHCl3) | Phospholipids | Inhibition of NO production by LPS-induced macrophages | Banskota et al. (2014) |
| Laurencia snackeyi | SLE (MeOH) | Halogenated monoterpenes | CKs, TNF- α, Il-1β, and IL-6 levels reduction | Wijesinghe et al. (2014) |
| Porphyra columbina | SLE (W) | PB | Upregulation of CKs: IL-10 | Cian et al. (2012) |
PLE, Pressurized liquid extraction; UAE, Ultrasound assisted extraction; SLE, Solid–liquid extraction; EAE, Enzyme assisted extraction, High hydrostatic pressure extraction; HAE, Heat assisted extraction; W, Water; TPC, Total phenolic compounds; PA, Phenolic acids; PC, Phenolic compounds; PB, Phycobiliproteins; SP, Sulfated polysaccharides; PF, Polysaccharide fraction; AAE, Ascorbic acid equivalent; TE, Trolox equivalents; GAE, Gallic acid equivalent; DPPH, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ORAC, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; NO, Nitric oxide; HO-1, Hemoxygenase-1; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; 5-LOX, 5-lipoxygenase; CKs, Cytokines; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IL, Interleukin