Table 3.
Antidiabetic and lipid metabolism related activities of red algae
| Species | Extraction (solvent) | Compound | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antidiabetic | ||||
| Rhodomela confervoides | Synthetic derivation | Bromophenols | Inhibition of PTP1B in vitro and in vivo | Shi et al. (2012) |
| Odonthalia corymbifera | Isolation of bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether | Bromophenols | Inhibition of PTP1B in vitro and in vivo | Xu et al. (2016) |
| Symphyocladia latiuscula | SLE (95% EtOH) | Bromophenols | Inhibition of PTP1B in vitro | Liu et al. (2011) |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii/ Gracilaria opuntia | HAE (W) | SP | Inhibition of α-amylase, α -glucosidase and DPP-4 | Makkar and Chakraborty (2017) |
| Symphyocladia latiuscula | SLE (95% EtOH) | Bromophenols | Inhibition of aldose reductase | Wang et al. (2005) |
| Polyopes lancifolia | SLE (80% MeOH) | Bromophenols | Inhibition of α -glucosidase, sucrase and maltase | Kim et al. (2010) |
| Grateloupia elliptica | SLE (75% MeOH) | Bromophenols | Inhibition of α -glucosidase | Kim et al. (2008) |
| Palmaria palmata | SLE (W, alkaline hydrolysis 0.12 M NaOH) | Protein hydrolysate | Inhibition of DPP-4 | Harnedy and FitzGerald (2013) |
| Lipid metabolism | ||||
| Gracilaria changii | Powdered, directly administered to animals | Whole algae | Reduction of plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, TAG and atherogenic index | Chan et al. (2014) |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii | Powdered, directly administered to animals | Whole algae | Reduction of plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, TAG, lipid peroxidation, increase of HDL levels | Matanjun et al. (2010) |
| Gigartina pistillata | Powdered, directly administered to animals | Whole algae | Reduction of plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, TAG, and hepatic TAG levels | Villanueva et al. (2014) |
| Porphyra tenera | Powdered, directly administered to animals | Whole algae | Reduction of plasma levels of TC | Bocanegra et al. (2008) |
| Porphyra umbilicalis | Powdered, directly administered to animals | Whole algae | Reduction of plasma level of TC, alleviation of obesity-related oxidative stress | Moreira et al. (2010) |
| Melanothamnus afaqhusainii | SLE (EtOH) | SP | Reduction of plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, TAG, increase of HDL-C levels | Ruqqia et al. (2014) |
| Porphyra yezoensisc | HAE (W) | SP | Increase of fecal excretion of cholesterol | Tsuge et al. (2004) |
| Porphyra sp. | Porphyran isolation | SP | Reduction of ApoB100 levels in vitro | Inoue et al. (2009) |
| Prophyra haitanensis | Oxidative degradation | SP | Reduction of TC, TC and LDL-C, increase of HDL-C | Wang et al. (2017) |
SLE, Solid–liquid Extraction; HAE, Heat Assisted Extraction; W, Water; SP, Sulfated polysaccharides; PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B; DPP4, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol