Table 6.
Extraction methodologies and conditions for bioactive compounds of red algae
| Species | Solvent | Compound | Recovery | Bioactivity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solid/liquid extraction | |||||
| Solieria chordalis | C/M | Lipids | ns | Antioxidant | Terme et al. (2018) |
| Alsidium corallinum | E/W; M/EA | Chlorophyll a, b and β-carotene | 360.38 and 264.24 mg/100 g DW // 93.45 mg/100 g extract | Antioxidant, Antibacterial | Ben Saad et al. (2019) |
| Gracilaria sp. | CC (ionic liquid) | PB | 46.5% | ns | Martins et al. (2016) |
| Gracilaria gracilis | Cold water // Hot water // E/W (80:20) // M/W (70:30) | PC | 4.76 μg GAE// 5.36 // 3.49 // 4.91 | Antioxidant | Heffernan et al. (2014) |
| Pressurized Liquid Assisted Extraction (PLAE) | |||||
| Hypnea musciformis | W, 210 °C | PC | 39.57 mg GAE/g | Antioxidant | Pangestuti et al. (2019) |
| Gracilaria gracilis | W// E/W (80:20) // M/W (70:30) // 120 °C, 10.34 MPa | PC | 2.79 // 2.44 // 3.50 μg GAE | Antioxidant | Heffernan et al. (2014) |
| Porphyra tenera | M/W. 130 °C, 13 MPa | PC | 1911 ng/g | Antioxidant | Onofrejová et al. (2010) |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii | W + 1% C4C1im (ionic liquid) 150 °C | Carrageenan | 78.75% | Antioxidant | Gereniu et al. (2017) |
| Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) | |||||
| Solieria chordalis | CO2 + E (8%). 45 °C, 29 MPa | Lipids | ns | Antioxidant | Terme et al. (2018) |
| Porphyra sp., Hypnea spinella, Chondrus crispus, Halopytis incurvus | CO2 + M/W. 35 MPa, 40 °C | Isoflavones | 85.11 // 106.75 // 1114.44// 200.97 ng/g | ns | Klejdus et al. (2010) |
| Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) | |||||
| Porphyridium purpureum | W, 40 °C | PB | 73.7 μg/mg | ns | Juin et al. (2015) |
| Solieria chordalis | W/0,5% KOH, 105 °C | Carrageenan | 13.5% | Antiherpetic (HSV-1) | Boulho et al. (2017) |
| Gracilaria vermiculophylla | W/110 °C | Agar | 14.8% | ns | Sousa et al. (2010) |
| Porphyra haitanensis | W, 77.84 W | SP | 28.98 mL/g | Antitumor | Chen and Xue (2019) |
| Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) | |||||
| Porphyra yezoensis | W, 300 V, 41 °C | Taurine | 13.0 mg/g | ns | Wang et al. (2015a) |
| Gelidium pusillum | Phosphate buffer, 30 °C | R-phycoerythrin and R-phycocyanin | 0,16 mg/g and 0,11 mg/g | ns | Mittal et al. (2017) |
| Osmundea pinnatifida | W, 50 °C, 400 W | PC and sugars | 103.7 μg CE/g and 83 mg/g | Antioxidant | Rodrigues et al. (2015b) |
| Gracilaria birdiae | W + NaOH 0.1 M, 22 °C, 60 W. ED (60 °C, 12 h, pH 8.0) | SP | 413 mg | Antioxidant, Anticoagulant | Fidelis et al. (2014) |
| Enzymatic Assisted Extraction (EAE) | |||||
| Chondracanthus chamissoi | Cellulase | Proteins | 361 mg/g | Antioxidant | Vásquez et al. (2019) |
| Palmaria palmata | Umamizyme | PC | 57,1 g GAE/kg | Antioxidant | Wang et al. (2010) |
| Chondrus crispus | Commercial proteases and carbohydrases | ns | 40–70% dry matter | Antiviral | Kulshreshtha et al. (2015) |
| Osmundea pinnatifida | Flavourzyme enzymatic complex // Cellulase | PC and sugars | 123.1 μg CE/g // 102.2 mg/g | Antioxidant | Rodrigues et al. (2015b) |
A (Acetone), W (Water), C (Chloroform), E (Ethanol), M (Methanol), PBS (phosphate buffered saline), DCM (Dichloromethane), EE (Ethyl ether), H (Heptane), EA (Ethyl acetate), PC (Phenolic compounds), SP (Sulphated polysaccharide), ns (not specified), GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent), CE (Catechol Equivalent), PB (Phycobiliproteins), DW (Dry Weight), ED (Enzymatic Digestions), CC (Cholinium chloride)