Table 2.
Characteristics of virtual reality intervention.
| Authors | Intervention | Comparator | Technology | Duration of treatment | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomised controlled trials | |||||
| Groninger et al. 28 | Guided walk-in virtual environment with narration | Active control (guided imagery) | Oculus Go VR headset | One 10-min session | Same day |
| Perna et al. 35 | Personalised virtual reality experience based on participants preference | Non-personalised virtual reality experiences | Google Daydream headset; Google Pixel XL smartphone and headphones. | Four 4-min/week VR sessions for 4 weeks | None |
| Non-randomised controlled trials | |||||
| Baños et al. 29 | Navigation through virtual environment to induce joy and relaxation | Pre-post data | LCD screen connected to a computer; headphone, keyboard, mouse | Four 30-min sessions/1 week | 4 times/week |
| Brungardt et al. 30 | Virtual-based music therapy with customised soundtrack | None | Oculus Go VR headset | One approx. 30-min session | Same day |
| Dang et al. 31 | Virtual reality-based life review using synchronised personalised avatar | Pre-post data | MoCap (Motion capture device); VocingHan hardware; Logitech wireless headset | One approx. 30-min session | 1-month |
| Ferguson et al. 32 | Virtual reality-based 360° beach viewing | Pre-post data | Lenovo’s Mirage Solo VR headset with business edition | One 30-min session | 3–5 h after invention (behavioural changes only) |
| Johnson et al. 33 | Virtual reality still images/animated videos viewing using one or more Virtual reality applications in Oculus Library | Pre-post data | Samsung Gear VR | One 30-min session | None |
| Niki et al. 34 | Virtual reality travel to the destination according to participants’ wishes | Pre-post data | VR headset HTC VIVE and VR software Google Earth VR | One 30-min session (time shortened or extended as needed) | None |