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. 2022 Jun 28;15:11786469221096643. doi: 10.1177/11786469221096643

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© The Author(s) 2022

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 3. — The effect of kynurenine and its metabolites on atherosclerosis. Inflammation and accumulation of oxidized lipoprotein stimulate the expression of IDO in inflammatory cells such as macrophages. Increased production of kynurenine accelerates T Reg cells differentiation and alleviates local inflammatory response. Kynurenine metabolites, particularly 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, can vigorously decrease inflammatory cytokines release. In addition, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevents the uncontrolled release of chemokines and hinders the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the vessel’s wall. It has been reported that 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid can attenuate hepatic lipogenesis and decrease blood level of LDL by downregulating SREBP-2, HMGCR, and ApoB.