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. 2022 Jun 28;15:11786469221096643. doi: 10.1177/11786469221096643

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© The Author(s) 2022

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 4. — The protective effect of IDO/kynurenine on heart transplantation. Enhancing IDO expression by different methods can induce tolerance in the immune system. Kynurenine accelerates T Reg cells differentiation and suppresses the function of CD8+ cell, T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells in heart transplantation. In addition, IDO overexpression leads to tryptophan depletion. Sufficient amount of tryptophan is necessary for competent function of effector T cells. Subsequently, IDO overexpression increases anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL10 and TGF-β and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. These alterations prolongs graft survival.