Table 1.
General characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Total participants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Control | Standardized difference | ||
| Total number (n, %) | 17,225 (100.0) | 689,000 (100.0) | ||
| Age (years old) (n, %) | 0.00 | |||
| 60–64 | 982 (5.7) | 3928 (5.7) | ||
| 65–69 | 2268 (13.2) | 9072 (13.2) | ||
| 70–74 | 4312 (25.0) | 17,248 (25.0) | ||
| 75–79 | 5364 (31.1) | 21,456 (31.1) | ||
| 80–84 | 3686 (21.4) | 14,744 (21.4) | ||
| 85 + | 613 (3.5) | 2452 (3.5) | ||
| Sex (n, %) | 0.00 | |||
| Male | 6806 (39.5) | 27,224 (39.5) | ||
| Female | 10,419 (60.5) | 41,676 (60.5) | ||
| Income (n, %) | 0.00 | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 3513 (20.4) | 14,052 (20.4) | ||
| 2 | 1949 (11.3) | 7796 (11.3) | ||
| 3 | 2320 (13.5) | 9280 (13.5) | ||
| 4 | 3091 (17.9) | 12,364 (17.9) | ||
| 5 (highest) | 6352 (36.9) | 25,408 (36.9) | ||
| Region of residence (n, %) | 0.00 | |||
| Urban | 6006 (34.9) | 24,024 (34.9) | ||
| Rural | 11,219 (65.1) | 44,876 (65.1) | ||
| Obesity (n, %)a | 0.10 | |||
| Underweight | 933 (5.4) | 2975 (4.3) | ||
| Normal | 6921 (40.2) | 25,135 (36.5) | ||
| Overweight | 4082 (23.7) | 17,387 (25.2) | ||
| Obese I | 4795 (27.8) | 21,168 (30.7) | ||
| Obese II | 494 (2.87) | 2235 (3.24) | ||
| Smoking status (n, %) | 0.04 | |||
| Nonsmoker | 13,612 (79.0) | 54,635 (79.3) | ||
| Past smoker | 1725 (10.0) | 7452 (10.8) | ||
| Current smoker | 1888 (11.0) | 6813 (9.8) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (n, %) | 0.08 | |||
| < 1 time a week | 13,381 (77.7) | 51,270 (74.4) | ||
| ≥ 1 time a week | 3844 (22.3) | 17,630 (25.6) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (n, %) | 0.03 | |||
| < 120 mmHg | 3780 (21.9) | 14,442 (21.0) | ||
| 120–139 mmHg | 8184 (47.5) | 33,688 (48.9) | ||
| ≥ 140 mmHg | 5261 (30.5) | 20,770 (30.1) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (n, %) | 0.03 | |||
| < 80 mmHg | 7603 (44.1) | 31,022 (45.0) | ||
| 80–89 mmHg | 6177 (35.9) | 24,947 (36.2) | ||
| ≥ 90 mmHg | 3445 (20.0) | 12,931 (18.8) | ||
| Fasting blood glucose (n, %) | 0.12 | |||
| < 100 mg/dL | 9292 (53.9) | 39,603 (57.5) | ||
| 100–125 mg/dL | 5328 (30.9) | 21,545 (31.3) | ||
| ≥ 126 mg/dL | 2605 (15.1) | 7752 (11.3) | ||
| Total cholesterol (n, %) | 0.04 | |||
| < 200 mg/dL | 9345 (54.3) | 38,088 (55.3) | ||
| 200–239 mg/dL | 5315 (30.9) | 21,564 (31.3) | ||
| ≥ 240 mg/dL | 2565 (14.9) | 9248 (13.4) | ||
| CCI score (n, %) | 0.4 | |||
| 0 | 6254 (36.3) | 38,304 (55.6) | ||
| 1 | 4099 (23.8) | 13,152 (19.1) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 6872 (39.9) | 17,444 (25.3) | ||
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (n, %) | 0.02 | |||
| Yes | 3267 (19.0) | 12,542 (18.2) | ||
| No | 13,958 (81.0) | 56,358 (81.8) | ||
| The days of H2-blocker useb (mean, SD) | 62.25 (98.16) | 43.79 (81.92) | 0.20 | |
| Exposure to PPI (n, %) | 0.10 | |||
| Current | 1264 (7.34) | 3588 (5.21) | ||
| Past | 1652 (9.59) | 5873 (8.52) | ||
| Duration of PPI use (n, %) | 0.10 | |||
| < 30 days | 1867 (10.8) | 6663 (9.7) | ||
| 30–90 days | 1162 (6.7) | 3885 (5.4) | ||
| > 90 days | 1116 (6.5) | 3437 (5.0) | ||
| Duration of PPI use (1st-generation) (n, %) | 0.09 | |||
| < 30 days | 1325 (7.7) | 4406 (6.4) | ||
| 30–90 days | 772 (4.5) | 2434 (3.5) | ||
| > 90 days | 591 (3.4) | 1848 (2.7) | ||
| Duration of PPI use (2nd-generation) (n, %) | 0.06 | |||
| < 30 days | 972 (5.6) | 3479 (5.1) | ||
| 30–90 days | 530 (3.1) | 1795 (2.6) | ||
| > 90 days | 468 (2.7) | 1412 (2.1) | ||
Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, PPI proton pump inhibitor, SD standard deviation
aObesity (BMI, body mass index, kg/m.2) was categorized as < 18.5 (underweight), ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal), ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight), ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I), and ≥ 30 (obese II)
bThe H2-blocker use was included in the analyses because PPI users may take with or without concomitant use of H2-blockers