Fig. 1.

Temporal trend of age-standardized CBM-UCD (a, b, c), CBM-MCD (d, e, f) and IBM (g, h, i) of HF (per 100,000) among elderly aged 65+ in the leading and lagging U.S. states, 2000–2017, overall, by sex and race. Note: ¹CBM-UCD=Death certificate-based mortality for underlying cause of death of HF, CBM-MCD = Death certificate-based mortality for multiple causes of death including HF, IBM = Incidence-based mortality, HF = heart failure. ²Data of the top six figures were derived from CDC WONDER (https://wonder.cdc.gov/); data for the bottom three figures were derived from 5% Medicare File of Service Use