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. 2022 Jun 17;9:904740. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.904740

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Copyright © 2022 Gart, Salic, Morrison, Giera, Attema, de Ruiter, Caspers, Schuren, Bobeldijk-Pastorova, Heer, Qin and Kleemann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Human milk oligosaccharide 2′-FL improves gut permeability during early NAFLD development. (A) Gut permeability measured by FITC-labeled dextran at an early (at t = 12 w) and late (at t = 27 w) time point of the disease process equaling 4 and 19 weeks of 2′-FL supplementation, respectively. (B) Plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP) measured in week 28 of the study. Data is from n = 18 mice per treatment group presented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 compared to HFD + vehicle. (C) Fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S sequencing and composition changes over time were visualized by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) using the Bray-Curtis index. Every dot represents the microbiota composition of one mouse. A greater distance between dots indicates more dissimilarity. Blue arrows indicate 2′-FL induced microbiota composition shifts. (D) Fecal Bifidobacterium abundance over time.