TABLE 3.

Upstream regulator analysis of factors controlling metabolic homeostasis in the liver.

	HFD + vehicle vs Chow		HFD + 2′-FL vs HFD + vehicle
	Z-score	p-value	Z-score	p-value
ACOX1	−5.8	0.000	2.2	0.037
AMPK	−2.2	0.000	N/A	1.000
ATF4	1.9	0.000	−2.6	0.000
ATF6	0.5	0.007	−1.9	0.000
ERN1	0.9	0.037	−2.4	0.009
NRF1	−0.9	0.000	0.6	0.000
NUPR1	2.8	0.000	−1.2	0.005
PPARGC1A	−4.2	0.000	0.1	0.005
PRKCD	3.8	0.000	−2.4	0.011
SREBF1	0.2	0.000	−1.7	0.005

The activity of an upstream regulator was predicted based on gene expression changes of all downstream target genes. A negative Z-score indicates inhibition of the respective regulator or pathway (green color) and a positive Z-score indicates activation (red color). The p-value < 0.05 in gray indicates significant enrichment of the target genes downstream of a regulator, i.e., that more downstream genes are affected than can be expected by chance. N/A indicates an insufficient number of differentially expressed genes to predict the activation state of an upstream regulator.