Table 1.
Characteristics and laboratory values of the participants at baseline and 24 months
| Variables | Time | RT (n = 82) | AT (n = 83) | Control (n = 83) | Time × group | Main effects | P‐values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RT vs control | AT vs control | RT vs AT | |||||||
| Female (%) | Baseline | 52 (63.4%) | 59 (71.1%) | 50 (60.2%) | – | ||||
| Age (year) | Baseline | 59.91 ± 5.92 | 60.93 ± 5.71 | 60.73 ± 5.83 | – | ||||
| BMI | Baseline | 24.81 (24.11, 25.51) | 24.70 (24.09, 25.32) | 25.04 (24.42, 25.66) | |||||
| 24 months | 23.87 (22.34, 26.29) | 23.55 (21.80, 25.96) | 25.41 (23.52, 26.83) | 0.033* | 0.063 | 0.005** | 0.432 | ||
| FBG ‡ | Baseline | 2.44 (2.42, 2.47) | 2.42 (2.39, 2.44) | 2.41 (2.38, 2.44) | |||||
| 24 months | 2.38 (2.31, 2.50) | 2.36 (2.30, 2.42) | 2.52 (2.42, 2.60) | P < 0.001** | P < 0.001** | P < 0.001** | 0.204 | ||
| 2hPG ‡ | Baseline | 2.76 (2.70, 2.83) | 2.74 (2, 67, 2.80) | 2.82 (2.76, 2.89) | |||||
| 24 months | 2.62 (2.38, 2.98) | 2.60 (2.40, 2.95) | 2.78 (2.69, 3.01) | 0.047* | 0.020* | 0.025* | 0.704 | ||
| HbA1c (%) ‡ | Baseline | 2.43 (2.42, 2.45) | 2.44 (2.43, 2.46) | 2.44 (2.43, 2.45) | |||||
| 24 months | 2.40 (2.32, 2.49) | 2.38 (2.34, 2.44) | 2.49 (2.38, 2.56) | P < 0.001** | 0.001** | P < 0.001** | 0.306 | ||
| HOMA2‐IR | Baseline | 1.50 (1.37, 1.62) | 1.46 (1.35, 1.58) | 1.48 (1.37, 1.58) | |||||
| 24 months | 0.96 (0.82, 1.47) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.43) | 1.34. (1.09, 1.51) | 0.045* | 0.019* | 0.003* | 0.506 | ||
| HOMA2‐β ‡ | Baseline | 9.21 (8.89, 9.54) | 9.32 (9.00, 9.64) | 9.51 (9.11, 9.90) | |||||
| 24 months | 9.79 (7.76, 10.38) | 9.64 (8.79, 10.99) | 7.30 (6.14, 9.04) | P < 0.001** | P < 0.001** | P < 0.001** | 0.269 | ||
| TG † | Baseline | 0.21 (0.16, 0.26) | 0.23 (0.18, 0.27) | 0.21 (0.15, 0.26) | |||||
| 24 months | 0.21 (0.02, 0.34) | 0.22 (0.08, 0.31) | 0.25 (0.00, 0.39) | 0.387 | 0.585 | 0.125 | 0.089 | 0.951 | |
| HDL‐C | Baseline | 1.49 (1.26, 1.68) | 1.53 (1.25, 1.72) | 1.36 (1.16, 1.57) | |||||
| 24 months | 1.58 (1.33, 1.82) | 1.60 (1.27, 1.78) | 1.39 (1.20, 1.56) | 0.308 | 0.149 | 0.117 | 0.413 | 0.442 | |
| LDL‐C ‡ | Baseline | 1.74 (1.70, 1.78) | 1.78 (1.73, 1.820) | 1.70 (1.65, 1.75) | |||||
| 24 months | 1.75 (1.64, 1.89) | 1.73 (1.61, 2.00) | 1.79 (1.59, 1.94) | 0.046* | 0.017* | 0.034* | 0.938 | ||
| SBP ‡ | Baseline | 11.46 (11.32, 11.59) | 11.62 (11.46, 11.77) | 11.67 (11.53, 11.82) | |||||
| 24 months | 11.31 (10.95, 11.48) | 11.40 (11.09, 11.83) | 11.83 (11.44, 12.24) | P < 0.001** | 0.030* | 0.006** | 0.605 | ||
| DBP ‡ | Baseline | 8.81 (8.66, 8.95) | 8.96 (8.81, 9.10) | 9.01 (8.89, 9.13) | |||||
| 24 months | 8.83 (8.60, 9.11) | 8.71 (8.42, 9.27) | 9.11 (8.77, 9.38) | P < 0.001** | 0.004** | P < 0.001** | 0.046* | ||
At baseline, there were no significant differences between groups in all variables (all P > 0.05).
Intention‐to‐treat was used, so the data of all 248 participants were analyzed. Data were given as the mean (25%, 75% of confidence interval). HOMA2 Calculator Software (https://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/homacalculator/) was used to calculate homeostatic model assessment of β‐cell function and insulin resistance (HOMA2‐β and HOMA2‐IR). 2hPG, 2‐h plasma blood glucose after 75 g glucose oral administration; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FINS, fasting insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.
Square root transformed.
Log10 transformed. P‐value significance in <0.05.
P < 0.05.
P < 0.01.