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Summary Figure. Thrombin regulates a dual-signaling mechanisms, by cleaving C3 and C5, it activates the complement cascade, and it modulates down-stream signaling via membrane-bound receptor PAR1. Inhibitors are presented in red and pathways are presented in blue. The study concluded that thrombin induces complement and CTGF, which subsequently activates VEGF secretion in ARPE-19 cells, resulting in disassembly of tight junctions and TER reduction.
